Developmentrelevance:
Trained teachers refer to teaching force with the necessary pedagogical skills to teach and use teaching materials in an effective manner. The share of trained teachers reveals a country's commitment to investing in the development of its human capital engaged in teaching.

Teachers are important resource, especially for children who are the first-generation of receiving education in their families and heavily rely on teachers in acquiring basic literacy skills. However, rapid increase in enrollments may cause the shortage of trained teachers. Education finance is a key for appropriate teacher allocations, since teacher salaries account for a large share of education budgets. The shortage of trained teacher may result in low qualified teachers in more disadvantaged area.

IndicatorName: Trained teachers in preprimary education, female (% of female teachers)

Limitationsandexceptions: This indicator does not take into account differences in teachers' experiences and status, teaching methods, teaching materials, and classroom conditions - all factors that affect the quality of teaching and learning. Some teachers without formal training may have acquired equivalent pedagogical skills through professional experience. In addition, national standards regarding teacher qualifications and pedagogical skills may vary.

Longdefinition: Trained teachers in preprimary education are the percentage of preprimary school teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching in a given country.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Share of trained teachers is calculated by dividing the number of trained teachers of the specified level of education by total number of teachers at the same level of education, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


Aggregationmethod: Weighted average

IndicatorName: Trained teachers in preprimary education, male (% of male teachers)

License_Type: CC BY-4.0

Periodicity: Annual

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). UIS.Stat Bulk Data Download Service. Accessed September 30, 2024. https://apiportal.uis.unesco.org/bdds.

Topic: Education: Inputs


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in preprimary education (% of total teachers)


IndicatorName: Primary school starting age (years)

Limitationsandexceptions: The theoretical entrance age to a given programme or level is typically, but not always, the most common entrance age.

Longdefinition: Primary school starting age is the age at which students would enter primary education, assuming they had started at the official entrance age for the lowest level of education, had studied full-time throughout and had progressed through the system without repeating or skipping a grade.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Primary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group, DHS/MICS)

Limitationsandexceptions: The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of primary school.

Longdefinition: Primary completion rate. Female is the total number of female students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of female repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of female children of official graduation age.

Topic: Education: Outcomes


IndicatorName: Primary completion rate, male (% of relevant age group, DHS/MICS)

Longdefinition: Primary completion rate. Male is the total number of male students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of male repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of male children of official graduation age.


IndicatorName: Primary completion rate, poorest quintile (% of relevant age group, DHS/MICS)

Longdefinition: Primary completion rate. Quintile 1 (lowest) is the total number of quintile 1 students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of quintile 1 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 1 children of official graduation age.


IndicatorName: Primary completion rate, richest quintile (% of relevant age group, DHS/MICS)

Longdefinition: Primary completion rate. Quintile 5 (highest) is the total number of quintile 5 students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of quintile 5 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 5 children of official graduation age.


IndicatorName: Primary completion rate, rural (% of relevant age group, DHS/MICS)

Longdefinition: Primary completion rate. Rural is the total number of rural students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of rural repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of rural children of official graduation age.


IndicatorName: Primary completion rate, urban (% of relevant age group, DHS/MICS)

Longdefinition: Primary completion rate. Urban is the total number of urban students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of urban repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of urban children of official graduation age.


Developmentrelevance: The World Bank and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics jointly developed the primary completion rate indicator. Increasingly used as a core indicator of an education system's performance, it reflects an education system's coverage and the educational attainment of students.

IndicatorName: Primary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group)

Limitationsandexceptions:
Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education. Thus this rate is a proxy that should be taken as an upper estimate of the actual primary completion rate.

There are many reasons why the primary completion rate can exceed 100 percent. The numerator may include late entrants and overage children who have repeated one or more grades of primary education as well as children who entered school early, while the denominator is the number of children at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education.

Longdefinition: Primary completion rate, or gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education. Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Primary completion rate is calculated by dividing the number of new entrants (enrollment minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Primary completion rate, male (% of relevant age group)


IndicatorName: Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)


Developmentrelevance: A relative high concentration of the adult population in a given level of education reflects the capacity of the educational system in the corresponding level of education. Educational attainment is closely related to the skills and competencies of a country's population, and could be seen as a proxy of both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the stock of human capital.

IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed primary, population 25+ years, female (%) (cumulative)

Limitationsandexceptions: Caution is required when using this indicator for cross-country comparison, since the countries do not always classify degrees and qualifications at the same International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) levels, even if they are received at roughly the same age or after a similar number of years of schooling. Also, certain educational programmes and study courses cannot be easily classified according to ISCED. This indicator only measures educational attainment in terms of level of education attained, i.e. years of schooling, and do not necessarily reveal the quality of the education (learning achievement and other impacts).

Longdefinition: The percentage of population ages 25 and over that attained or completed primary education.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
It is calculated by dividing the number of population ages 25 and older who attained or completed primary education by the total population of the same age group and multiplying by 100. The number 0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero.

Data are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics mainly from national population census, household survey, and labour force survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed primary, population 25+ years, male (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed primary, population 25+ years, total (%) (cumulative)


Aggregationmethod: Median

IndicatorName: Primary education, duration (years)

Longdefinition: Primary duration refers to the number of grades (years) in primary school.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


Aggregationmethod: Sum

IndicatorName: Primary education, pupils

Longdefinition: Primary education pupils is the total number of pupils enrolled at primary level in public and private schools.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Enrollment includes Individuals officially registered in a given educational programme, or stage or module thereof, regardless of age.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).

Topic: Education: Participation


Developmentrelevance: The share of girls allows an assessment on gender composition in school enrollment. A value greater than 50% indicates participation of more girls at a specific level or programme of education.

IndicatorName: Primary education, pupils (% female)

Limitationsandexceptions: The percentage of female enrollment is limited in assessing gender parity, because it's affected by the gender composition of population. Ratio of female to male in enrollment rate provides a population adjusted measure of gender parity.

Longdefinition: Female pupils as a percentage of total pupils at primary level include enrollments in public and private schools.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/). Data as of February 2020.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Percentage of female enrollment is calculated by dividing the total number of female students at a given level of education by the total enrollment at the same level, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


Developmentrelevance: The pupil-teacher ratio is often used to compare the quality of schooling across countries, but it is often weakly related to student learning and quality of education.

IndicatorName: Pupil-teacher ratio, primary

Limitationsandexceptions: The comparability of pupil-teacher ratios across countries is affected by the definition of teachers and by differences in class size by grade and in the number of hours taught, as well as the different practices countries employ such as part-time teachers, school shifts, and multi-grade classes. Moreover, the underlying enrollment levels are subject to a variety of reporting errors.

Longdefinition: Primary school pupil-teacher ratio is the average number of pupils per teacher in primary school.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Pupil-teacher ratio is calculated by dividing the number of students at the specified level of education by the number of teachers at the same level of education.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


Developmentrelevance: Gross enrollment ratios indicate the capacity of each level of the education system, but a high ratio may reflect a substantial number of overage children enrolled in each grade because of repetition or late entry rather than a successful education system. The net enrollment rate excludes overage and underage students and more accurately captures the system's coverage and internal efficiency. Differences between the gross enrollment ratio and the net enrollment rate show the incidence of overage and underage enrollments.

IndicatorName: School enrollment, primary (% gross)

Limitationsandexceptions: Enrollment indicators are based on annual school surveys, but do not necessarily reflect actual attendance or dropout rates during the year. Also, the length of education differs across countries and can influence enrollment rates, although the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) tries to minimize the difference. For example, a shorter duration for primary education tends to increase the rate; a longer one to decrease it (in part because older children are more at risk of dropping out). Moreover, age at enrollment may be inaccurately estimated or misstated, especially in communities where registration of births is not strictly enforced.

Longdefinition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Gross enrollment ratio for primary school is calculated by dividing the number of students enrolled in primary education regardless of age by the population of the age group which officially corresponds to primary education, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)


IndicatorName: School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)


Developmentrelevance: The gross intake ratio in the first grade of primary education indicates the level of access to primary education and the education system's capacity to provide access to primary education. A low gross intake ratio in the first grade of primary education reflects the fact that many children do not enter primary education even though school attendance, at least through the primary level, is mandatory in most countries. Because the gross intake ratio includes all new entrants regardless of age, it can exceed 100 percent in some situations, such as immediately after fees have been abolished or when the number of reenrolled children is large.

IndicatorName: Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, female (% of relevant age group)

Limitationsandexceptions: The quality of data is affected when new entrants and repeaters are not correctly distinguished in the first grade of primary education. Caution is also needed for countries with a total population under 100,000 since the United Nations Population Division neither publish nor endorse single-age data for those countries. The data are highly subject to fluctuations in migration and other factors.

Longdefinition: Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education is the number of new entrants in the first grade of primary education regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population of the official primary entrance age.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Gross intake ratio in the first grade of primary education is calculated by dividing the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the first grade of primary education, regardless of age, by the population of the official primary entrance age and multiplying the result by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).

Topic: Education: Efficiency


IndicatorName: Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, male (% of relevant age group)


IndicatorName: Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, total (% of relevant age group)


IndicatorName: School enrollment, primary (% net)

Longdefinition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Net enrollment rate for primary school is calculated by dividing the number of students of official school age enrolled in primary education by the population of the age group which officially corresponds to primary education, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: School enrollment, primary, female (% net)


IndicatorName: School enrollment, primary, male (% net)


Developmentrelevance: The net intake rate in the first grade of primary education indicates the level of access to primary education and the education system's capacity to provide access to primary education. A high net intake rate indicates a high degree of access to primary education for the official primary school entrance age children.

IndicatorName: Net intake rate in grade 1, female (% of official school-age population)

Longdefinition: Net intake rate in grade 1 is the number of new entrants in the first grade of primary education who are of official primary school entrance age, expressed as a percentage of the population of the corresponding age.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Net intake rate in the first grade of primary education is calculated by dividing the number of children of official primary school entrance age who enter grade 1 of primary education for the first time by the population of the same age, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Net intake rate in grade 1, male (% of official school-age population)


IndicatorName: Net intake rate in grade 1 (% of official school-age population)


IndicatorName: Over-age students, primary, female (% of female enrollment)

Longdefinition: Over-age students are the percentage of those enrolled who are older than the official school-age range for primary education.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The percentage of over-age students is calculated by dividing the number of students who are older than the official school-age range for primary education by primary school enrollment, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses. The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Over-age students, primary, male (% of male enrollment)


IndicatorName: Over-age students, primary (% of enrollment)


Developmentrelevance: The share of enrollment in private institutions indicates the scale and capacity of private education within a country. A high percentage suggests strong involvement of the non-governmental sector (including religious bodies, other organizations, associations, communities, private enterprises or persons) in providing organized educational programmes. However, in countries where private institutions are substantially subsidized or aided by the government, the distinction between private and public educational institutions may be less clear-cut especially when certain students are directly financed through government scholarships.

IndicatorName: School enrollment, primary, private (% of total primary)

Limitationsandexceptions: Religious or private schools, which are not registered with the government or don't follow the common national curriculum, may not be captured.

Longdefinition: Private enrollment refers to pupils or students enrolled in institutions that are not operated by a public authority but controlled and managed, whether for profit or not, by a private body such as a nongovernmental organization, religious body, special interest group, foundation or business enterprise.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The share of students in private primary school is calculated by dividing the number of students enrolled in private educational institutions at primary level by total enrollment (public and private) at the same level of education, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


Developmentrelevance: The cohort survival rate measures an education system's holding power and internal efficiency. Rates approaching 100 percent indicate high retention and low dropout levels.

IndicatorName: Persistence to grade 5, female (% of cohort)

Limitationsandexceptions: The estimates have limitations in capturing real trend in that an observed rate will be applied to the underlying indicators such as repetition rate and promotion rate throughout the cohort life, and re-entrants, grade skipping, migration or transfers during a school year are not adequately captured.

Longdefinition: Persistence to grade 5 (percentage of cohort reaching grade 5) is the share of children enrolled in the first grade of primary school who eventually reach grade 5. The estimate is based on the reconstructed cohort method.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Cohort survival rate is calculated by dividing the total number of children belonging to a cohort who reached each successive grade of the specified level of education by the number of children in the same cohort; those originally enrolled in the first grade of primary education, and multiplying by 100. To reflect current patterns of grade transition, it is calculated based on the reconstructed cohort method, which uses data on enrollment by grade for the two most recent years and data on repeaters by grade for the most recent of those two years. Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Persistence to grade 5, male (% of cohort)


IndicatorName: Persistence to grade 5, total (% of cohort)


IndicatorName: Persistence to last grade of primary, female (% of cohort)

Longdefinition: Persistence to last grade of primary is the percentage of children enrolled in the first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary education. The estimate is based on the reconstructed cohort method.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Cohort survival rate is calculated by dividing the total number of children belonging to a cohort who reached each successive grade of the specified level of education by the number of children in the same cohort; those originally enrolled in the first grade of primary education, and multiplying by 100. To reflect current patterns of grade transition, it is calculated based on the reconstructed cohort method, which uses data on enrollment by grade for the two most recent years and data on repeaters by grade for the most recent of those two years.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Persistence to last grade of primary, male (% of cohort)


IndicatorName: Persistence to last grade of primary, total (% of cohort)

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Cohort survival rate is calculated by dividing the total number of children belonging to a cohort who reached each successive grade of the specified level of education by the number of children in the same cohort; those originally enrolled in the first grade of primary education, and multiplying by 100. To reflect current patterns of grade transition, it is calculated based on the reconstructed cohort method, which uses data on enrollment by grade for the two most recent years and data on repeaters by grade for the most recent of those two years.
Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


Developmentrelevance: Data on repeaters are often used to indicate an education system's internal efficiency. Repeaters not only increase the cost of education for the family and the school system, but also use limited school resources.

IndicatorName: Repeaters, primary, female (% of female enrollment)

Limitationsandexceptions: Country policies on repetition and promotion differ. In some cases the number of repeaters is controlled because of limited capacity. In other cases the number of repeaters is almost 0 because of automatic promotion – suggesting a system that is highly efficient but that may not be endowing students with enough cognitive skills.

Longdefinition: Repeaters in primary school are the number of students enrolled in the same grade as in the previous year, as a percentage of all students enrolled in primary school.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Share of repeaters in primary school is calculated by dividing the sum of repeaters in all grades of primary school by the total number of students enrolled in primary school, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Repeaters, primary, male (% of male enrollment)


IndicatorName: Repeaters, primary, total (% of total enrollment)


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in primary education, female (% of female teachers)

Longdefinition: Trained teachers in primary education are the percentage of primary school teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching in a given country.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Share of trained teachers is calculated by dividing the number of trained teachers of the specified level of education by total number of teachers at the same level of education, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in primary education, male (% of male teachers)


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in primary education (% of total teachers)


Developmentrelevance: Women teachers are important as they serve as role models to girls and help to attract and retain girls in school.

IndicatorName: Primary education, teachers

Longdefinition: Primary education teachers includes full-time and part-time teachers.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Teachers refer to persons employed full-time or part-time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) or who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


Developmentrelevance: The share of female teachers shows the level of gender representation in the teaching force. A value of greater than 50% indicates more opportunities or preference for women to participate in teaching activities. Women teachers are important as they serve as role models to girls and help to attract and retain girls in school.

IndicatorName: Primary education, teachers (% female)

Longdefinition: Female teachers as a percentage of total primary education teachers includes full-time and part-time teachers.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The share of female teachers in primary education is calculated by dividing the total number of female teachers at primary level of education by the total number of teachers at the same level, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


Developmentrelevance: Relevance to gender indicator: Women teachers are important as they serve as role models to girls and help to attract and retain girls in school.

IndicatorName: Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary (% of primary school age children)

Longdefinition: Adjusted net enrollment is the number of pupils of the school-age group for primary education, enrolled either in primary or secondary education, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Adjusted net enrollment rate in primary education is calculated by dividing the number of children in the official primary school age who are enrolled in primary or secondary education by the population of the same age group and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary, female (% of primary school age children)


Developmentrelevance: Gross enrollment ratios indicate the capacity of each level of the education system, but a high ratio may reflect a substantial number of overage children enrolled in each grade because of repetition or late entry rather than a successful education system. The net enrollment rate excludes overage and underage students and more accurately captures the system's coverage and internal efficiency. Differences between the gross enrollment ratio and the net enrollment rate show the incidence of overage and underage enrollments. The adjusted net enrollment rate in primary education captures primary school-age children who have progressed to secondary education faster than their peers have and who are not counted in the traditional net enrollment rate.

IndicatorName: Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary, male (% of primary school age children)


Developmentrelevance: Large numbers of children out of school create pressure to enroll children and provide classrooms, teachers, and educational materials, a task made difficult in many countries by limited education budgets. However, getting children into school is a high priority for countries and crucial for achieving universal primary education.

IndicatorName: Children out of school, primary

Limitationsandexceptions: Due to different data sources for enrollment and population data, the number may not capture the actual number of children not attending in primary school.

Longdefinition: Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The number of out-of-school children is calculated by subtracting the number of primary school-age children enrolled in primary or secondary school from the total population of the official primary school-age children.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Children out of school, primary, female


IndicatorName: Children out of school, female (% of female primary school age)

Limitationsandexceptions: The administrative data used in the calculation of the rate of out-of-school children are based on enrolment at a specific date which can bias the results by either counting enrolled children who never attend school or by omitting those who enroll after the reference date for reporting enrolment data. Furthermore, children who drop out of school after the reference date are not counted as out of school. Discrepancies between enrolment and population data from different sources can also result in over- or underestimates of the rate. Lastly, the international comparability of this indicator can be affected by the use of different concepts of enrolment and out-of-school children across countries.

Longdefinition: Children out of school are the percentage of primary-school-age children who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. Children in the official primary age group that are in preprimary education should be considered out of school.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The rate of out-of-school children allows to compare across countries with different population sizes. It shows the share of official primary-school-age children who never attended school or dropped out to the population of official primary school age.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses. The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Children out of school, primary, male


IndicatorName: Children out of school, male (% of male primary school age)


IndicatorName: Children out of school, primary, poorest quintile (% of relevant age group, DHS/MICS)

Limitationsandexceptions: The sum of the net primary attendance rate and the proportion out of school do not add to 100 percent because the net primary attendance rate does not count students who are in secondary.

Longdefinition: Proportion of out-of-school. Primary. Quintile 1 (lowest) is the number of quintile 1 children in the official primary school age range who are not attending primary or secondary education, expressed as a percentage of quintile 1 children of the official primary school age range. By definition, children in the official primary-age range, who are attending pre-primary education, are considered out-of-school.


IndicatorName: Children out of school, primary, richest quintile (% of relevant age group, DHS/MICS)

Longdefinition: Proportion of out-of-school. Primary. Quintile 5 (highest) is the number of quintile 5 children in the official primary school age range who are not attending primary or secondary education, expressed as a percentage of quintile 5 children of the official primary school age range. By definition, children in the official primary-age range, who are attending pre-primary education, are considered out-of-school.


IndicatorName: Children out of school (% of primary school age)


Developmentrelevance: School life expectancy indicates the average number of years of schooling that the education system can offer. A high value indicates a probability for children to spend more years in education. Note that the expected number of years does not necessarily coincide with the expected number of grades of education completed, because of repetition.

IndicatorName: Expected years of schooling, female

Limitationsandexceptions: The expected number of years of schooling may not be comparable across countries due to different lengths of the school year and policies on repetition and promotion. It is also affected by the magnitude of children who never go to school.

Longdefinition: Expected years of schooling is the number of years a child of school entrance age is expected to spend at school, or university, including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrolment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The school life expectancy is calculated as the sum of the age specific enrollment rates for the levels of education specified. The part of the enrolment that is not distributed by age is divided by the school-age population for the level of education they are enrolled in, and multiplied by the duration of that level of education. The result is then added to the sum of the age-specific enrolment rates.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Expected years of schooling, male


IndicatorName: Lower secondary school starting age (years)

Longdefinition: Lower secondary school starting age is the age at which students would enter lower secondary education, assuming they had started at the official entrance age for the lowest level of education, had studied full-time throughout and had progressed through the system without repeating or skipping a grade.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Lower secondary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group)

Limitationsandexceptions:
Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of lower secondary education. Thus this rate is a proxy that should be taken as an upper estimate of the actual lower secondary completion rate.

There are many reasons why the rate can exceed 100 percent. The numerator may include late entrants and overage children who have repeated one or more grades of lower secondary education as well as children who entered school early, while the denominator is the number of children at the entrance age for the last grade of lower secondary education.

Longdefinition: Lower secondary education completion rate is measured as the gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary education (general and pre-vocational). It is calculated as the number of new entrants in the last grade of lower secondary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of lower secondary education.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Lower secondary completion rate is calculated as the number of new entrants (enrollment minus repeaters) in the last grade of lower secondary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of lower secondary education.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Lower secondary completion rate, male (% of relevant age group)


IndicatorName: Lower secondary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed lower secondary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Longdefinition: The percentage of population ages 25 and over that attained or completed lower secondary education.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
It is calculated by dividing the number of population ages 25 and older who attained or completed lower secondary education by the total population of the same age group and multiplying by 100. The number 0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero.

Data are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics mainly from national population census, household survey, and labour force survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed lower secondary, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed lower secondary, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed post-secondary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Longdefinition: The percentage of population ages 25 and over that attained or completed post-secondary non-tertiary education.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
It is calculated by dividing the number of population ages 25 and older who attained or completed post-secondary non-tertiary education by the total population of the same age group and multiplying by 100. The number 0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero.

Data are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics mainly from national population census, household survey, and labour force survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed post-secondary, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed post-secondary, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed upper secondary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Longdefinition: The percentage of population ages 25 and over that attained or completed upper secondary education.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
It is calculated by dividing the number of population ages 25 and older who attained or completed upper secondary education by the total population of the same age group and multiplying by 100. The number 0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero.

Data are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics mainly from national population census, household survey, and labour force survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed upper secondary, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed upper secondary, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Secondary education, duration (years)

Longdefinition: Secondary duration refers to the number of grades (years) in secondary school.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Secondary education, pupils

Longdefinition: Secondary education pupils is the total number of pupils enrolled at secondary level in public and private schools.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Enrollment includes Individuals officially registered in a given educational programme, or stage or module thereof, regardless of age.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Secondary education, pupils (% female)

Longdefinition: Female pupils as a percentage of total pupils at secondary level includes enrollments in public and private schools.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Percentage of female enrollment is calculated by dividing the total number of female students at a given level of education by the total enrollment at the same level, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Secondary education, general pupils

Longdefinition: Secondary general pupils are the number of secondary students enrolled in general education programs, including teacher training.


IndicatorName: Secondary education, general pupils (% female)


IndicatorName: Pupil-teacher ratio, lower secondary

Longdefinition: Lower secondary school pupil-teacher ratio is the average number of pupils per teacher in lower secondary school.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Pupil-teacher ratio is calculated by dividing the number of students at the specified level of education by the number of teachers at the same level of education.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

Longdefinition: Secondary school pupil-teacher ratio is the average number of pupils per teacher in secondary school.


IndicatorName: Pupil-teacher ratio, upper secondary

Longdefinition: Upper secondary school pupil-teacher ratio is the average number of pupils per teacher in upper secondary school.


IndicatorName: Secondary education, vocational pupils

Longdefinition: Secondary vocational pupils are the number of secondary students enrolled in technical and vocational education programs, including teacher training.


IndicatorName: Secondary education, vocational pupils (% female)


IndicatorName: School enrollment, secondary (% gross)

Longdefinition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Gross enrollment ratio for secondary school is calculated by dividing the number of students enrolled in secondary education regardless of age by the population of the age group which officially corresponds to secondary education, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: School enrollment, secondary, female (% gross)


IndicatorName: School enrollment, secondary, male (% gross)


IndicatorName: School enrollment, secondary (% net)

Longdefinition: Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Net enrollment rate for secondary school is calculated by dividing the number of students of official school age enrolled in secondary education by the population of the age group which officially corresponds to secondary education, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: School enrollment, secondary, female (% net)


IndicatorName: School enrollment, secondary, male (% net)


IndicatorName: School enrollment, secondary, private (% of total secondary)

Longdefinition: Private enrollment refers to pupils or students enrolled in institutions that are not operated by a public authority but controlled and managed, whether for profit or not, by a private body such as a nongovernmental organization, religious body, special interest group, foundation or business enterprise.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The share of students in private secondary school is calculated by dividing the number of students enrolled in private educational institutions at secondary level by total enrollment (public and private) at the same level of education, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


Developmentrelevance: The effective transition rate from primary to secondary education conveys the degree of access or transition between the two levels. As completing primary education is a prerequisite for participating in lower secondary education, growing numbers of primary completers will inevitably create pressure for more available places at the secondary level. A low effective transition rate can signal such problems as an inadequate examination and promotion system or insufficient secondary education capacity.

IndicatorName: Progression to secondary school, female (%)

Limitationsandexceptions: The quality of data on the transition rate is affected when new entrants and repeaters are not correctly distinguished. Students who interrupt their studies after completing primary education could also affect data quality.

Longdefinition: Progression to secondary school refers to the number of new entrants to the first grade of secondary school in a given year as a percentage of the number of students enrolled in the final grade of primary school in the previous year (minus the number of repeaters from the last grade of primary education in the given year).

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Effective transition rate is calculated by dividing the number of new entrants in the first grade of secondary education in a given year (t) by the number of students who enrolled in the final grade of primary education in the previous school year (t-1) minus the number of repeaters from the last grade of primary education in the given year (t), and multiplying by 100.
Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Progression to secondary school, male (%)


IndicatorName: Progression to secondary school (%)


IndicatorName: Repeaters, secondary, female (% of female enrollment)

Longdefinition: Repeaters in secondary school are the number of students enrolled in the same grade as in the previous year, as a percentage of all students enrolled in secondary school.

Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Share of repeaters in secondary school is calculated by dividing the sum of repeaters in all grades of secondary school by the total number of students enrolled in secondary school, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Repeaters, secondary, male (% of male enrollment)


IndicatorName: Repeaters, secondary, total (% of total enrollment)


Developmentrelevance:
Trained teachers refer to teaching force with the necessary pedagogical skills to teach and use teaching materials in an effective manner. The share of trained teachers reveals a country's commitment to investing in the development of its human capital engaged in teaching.

Teachers are important resource, especially for children who are the first-generation of receiving education in their families and heavily rely on teachers in acquiring basic literacy skills. However, rapid increase in enrollments may cause the shortage of trained teachers. Education finance is a key for appropriate teacher allocations, since teacher salaries account for a large share of education budgets. The shortage of trained teacher may result in low qualified teachers in more disadvantaged area.

IndicatorName: Trained teachers in secondary education, female (% of female teachers)

Limitationsandexceptions: This indicator does not take into account differences in teachers' experiences and status, teaching methods, teaching materials, and classroom conditions - all factors that affect the quality of teaching and learning. Some teachers without formal training may have acquired equivalent pedagogical skills through professional experience. In addition, national standards regarding teacher qualifications and pedagogical skills may vary.

Longdefinition: Trained teachers in secondary education are the percentage of secondary school teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching in a given country.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Share of trained teachers is calculated by dividing the number of trained teachers of the specified level of education by total number of teachers at the same level of education, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in lower secondary education, female (% of female teachers)

Longdefinition: Trained teachers in lower secondary education are the percentage of lower secondary school teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching in a given country.


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in lower secondary education, male (% of male teachers)


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in lower secondary education (% of total teachers)


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in secondary education, male (% of male teachers)


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in upper secondary education, female (% of female teachers)

Longdefinition: Trained teachers in upper secondary education are the percentage of upper secondary school teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching in a given country.


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in upper secondary education, male (% of male teachers)


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in upper secondary education (% of total teachers)


IndicatorName: Trained teachers in secondary education (% of total teachers)


IndicatorName: Secondary education, teachers

Longdefinition: Secondary education teachers includes full-time and part-time teachers.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Teachers refer to persons employed full-time or part-time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) or who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Secondary education, teachers, female


IndicatorName: Secondary education, teachers (% female)

Longdefinition: Female teachers as a percentage of total secondary education teachers includes full-time and part-time teachers.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The share of female teachers in secondary education is calculated by dividing the total number of female teachers at secondary level of education by the total number of teachers at the same level, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


Generalcomments: Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.

IndicatorName: Children out of school, secondary


IndicatorName: Children out of school, secondary, female


IndicatorName: Children out of school, secondary, female (% of relevant age group)


IndicatorName: Adolescents out of school, female (% of female lower secondary school age)

Longdefinition: Adolescents out of school are the percentage of lower secondary school age adolescents who are not enrolled in school.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The rate of out-of-school adolescents allows to compare across countries with different population sizes. It shows the share of official lower secondary age adolescents who never attended school or dropped out to the population of official lower secondary school age.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses. The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Adolescents out of school, male (% of male lower secondary school age)


IndicatorName: Adolescents out of school (% of lower secondary school age)


IndicatorName: Children out of school, secondary, male


IndicatorName: Children out of school, secondary, male (% of relevant age group)


IndicatorName: Children out of school, secondary (% of relevant age group)


Developmentrelevance: A relative high concentration of the adult population in a given level of education reflects the capacity of the educational system in the corresponding level of education. Educational attainment is closely related to the skills and competencies of a country's population, and could be seen as a proxy of both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the stock of human capital.

IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Longdefinition: The percentage of population ages 25 and over that attained or completed Bachelor's or equivalent.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
It is calculated by dividing the number of population ages 25 and older who attained or completed Bachelor's or equivalent by the total population of the same age group and multiplying by 100. The number 0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero.

Data are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics mainly from national population census, household survey, and labour force survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, Doctoral or equivalent, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Longdefinition: The percentage of population ages 25 and over that attained or completed Doctoral or equivalent.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
It is calculated by dividing the number of population ages 25 and older who attained or completed Doctoral or equivalent by the total population of the same age group and multiplying by 100. The number 0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero.

Data are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics mainly from national population census, household survey, and labour force survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, Doctoral or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, Doctoral or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Longdefinition: The percentage of population ages 25 and over that attained or completed Master's or equivalent.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
It is calculated by dividing the number of population ages 25 and older who attained or completed Master's or equivalent by the total population of the same age group and multiplying by 100. The number 0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero.

Data are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics mainly from national population census, household survey, and labour force survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed short-cycle tertiary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Longdefinition: The percentage of population ages 25 and over that attained or completed short-cycle tertiary education.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
It is calculated by dividing the number of population ages 25 and older who attained or completed short-cycle tertiary education by the total population of the same age group and multiplying by 100. The number 0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero.

Data are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics mainly from national population census, household survey, and labour force survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed short-cycle tertiary, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Educational attainment, at least completed short-cycle tertiary, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)


IndicatorName: Tertiary education, pupils

Longdefinition: Tertiary education pupils is the total number of pupils enrolled at tertiary level in public and private schools.


IndicatorName: Tertiary education, pupils (% female)

Longdefinition: Female pupils as a percentage of total pupils at tertiary level includes enrollments in public and private schools.


IndicatorName: Pupil-teacher ratio, tertiary

Longdefinition: Tertiary school pupil-teacher ratio is the average number of pupils per teacher in tertiary school.


IndicatorName: School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)

Longdefinition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Gross enrollment ratio for tertiary school is calculated by dividing the number of students enrolled in tertiary education regardless of age by the population of the age group which officially corresponds to tertiary education, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011. Population data are drawn from the United Nations Population Division. Using a single source for population data standardizes definitions, estimations, and interpolation methods, ensuring a consistent methodology across countries and minimizing potential enumeration problems in national censuses.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross)


IndicatorName: School enrollment, tertiary, male (% gross)


IndicatorName: Female share of graduates from Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) programmes, tertiary (%)

Shortdefinition: Female share of graduates in the given field of education, tertiary is the number of female graduates expressed as a percentage of the total number of graduates in the given field of education from tertiary education.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Percentage of female graduates by field of study in tertiary education is calculated by dividing the number of female graduates in a given field of education from tertiary education by the total number of graduates in the same field, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Tertiary education, academic staff

Longdefinition: Tertiary education, academic staff is the number of academic staff in tertiary education.


Longdefinition: Tertiary education, academic staff (% female) is the share of female academic staff in tertiary education.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The share of female academic staffs in tertiary education is calculated by dividing the total number of female academic staffs at tertiary level of education by the total number of academic staffs at the same level, and multiplying by 100.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Current education expenditure, primary (% of total expenditure in primary public institutions)

Longdefinition: Current expenditure is expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Current expenditure is consumed within the current year and would have to be renewed if needed in the following year. It includes staff compensation and current expenditure other than for staff compensation (ex. on teaching materials, ancillary services and administration).

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Current expenditure, primary is calculated by dividing all current expenditure in public institutions of primary education by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of primary education, and multiplying by 100. Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Current education expenditure, secondary (% of total expenditure in secondary public institutions)

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Current expenditure, secondary is calculated by dividing all current expenditure in public institutions of secondary education by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of secondary education, and multiplying by 100. Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Current education expenditure, tertiary (% of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions)

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Current expenditure, tertiary is calculated by dividing all current expenditure in public institutions of tertiary education by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of tertiary education, and multiplying by 100. Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: Current education expenditure, total (% of total expenditure in public institutions)

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Current expenditure, total is calculated by dividing all current expenditure in public institutions of all levels of education by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of all levels of education, and multiplying by 100. Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: All education staff compensation, primary (% of total expenditure in primary public institutions)

Longdefinition: All staff (teacher and non-teachers) compensation is expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programs, and other allowances and benefits.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
All staff compensation, primary is calculated by dividing all staff compensation in public institutions of primary education by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of primary education, and multiplying by 100. Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).


IndicatorName: All education staff compensation, secondary (% of total expenditure in secondary public institutions)

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
All staff compensation, secondary is calculated by dividing all staff compensation in public institutions of secondary education by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of secondary education, and multiplying by 100. Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.

Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the international level. The current version was formally adopted by UNESCO Member States in 2011.

The reference years reflect the school year for which the data are presented. In some countries the school year spans two calendar years (for example, from September 2010 to June 2011); in these cases the reference year refers to the year in which the school year ended (2011 in the example).