IndicatorName: Prevalence of unaffordability of a nutrient adequate diet

Longdefinition:
The indicator estimates the percentage of individuals in a population whose disposable income, net of the amount needed to acquire basic non-food goods and services, is lower than the average cost of the least-expensive nutrient adequate diet in a country. The expenditures for basic non-food needs are calculated as average non-food expenditure shares of low-income consumers multiplied by international poverty lines set by the World Bank. The non-food expenditure share is 37% and 44% in low-income and lower-middle-income countries for the second quintile of consumers, and 54% in upper-middle-and-high-income countries for the first quintile of consumers, according to household surveys compiled by the World Bank. The international poverty lines are $2.15/day for low-income countries, $3.65/day for lower-middle-income countries, $6.85/day for upper-middle-income countries, and $24.36/day for high-income countries, in 2017PPP$. Countries' income classifications follow the calendar year of 2021 (fiscal year of 2023 of the World Bank) as the base year of the latest ICP cycle. Income data are provided by the World Bank’s Poverty and Inequality Platform. A value of zero indicates a null or a small number rounded down at the current precision level. Data available for 2021.

National income distribution data are provided by the World Bank’s Poverty and Inequality Platform and are based on 2017 purchasing power parities (PPPs), updated in fall 2024.


IndicatorName: Affordability of a nutrient adequate diet: ratio of cost to the food poverty line

Longdefinition: The ratio of the cost of a nutrient adequate diet to the food poverty lines, defined as $1.35/day for low-income countries (63% of the international poverty line of $2.15/day in 2017 PPP$), $2.04/day for lower-middle-income countries (56% of the international poverty line of $3.65/day in 2017 PPP$), $3.15/day for upper-middle-income countries (46% of the international poverty line of $6.85/day in 2017 PPP$), and $11.2/day (46% of the international poverty line of $24.36/day in 2017 PPP$). The percentages (63%, 56%, and 46%) represent the average food expenditure shares in the second quintile of consumers in low-income and lower-middle-income countries, and the first quintile of consumers in upper-middle-and-high-income countries, according to household surveys compiled by the World Bank. Countries' income classifications follow the calendar year of 2021 standard (fiscal year of 2023 of the World Bank), which is the base year of the latest ICP cycle. Data available for 2021.

Source: Adapted from Herforth, A., Bai, Y., Venkat, A., Mahrt, K., Ebel, A. & Masters, W.A. 2020. Cost and affordability of healthy diets across and within countries. Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Technical Study No. 9. Rome, FAO. (https://doi.org/10.4060/cb2431en); Herforth, A., Venkat, A., Bai, Y., Costlow, L., Holleman, C. & Masters, W.A. 2022. Methods and options to monitor the cost and affordability of a healthy diet globally. Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 22-03. Rome, FAO. (https://doi.org/10.4060/cc1169en); and Bai, Y., Herforth, A., Cafiero C., Conti V., Rissanen, M.O., Masters, W.A & Rosero Moncayo, J. 2024 Methods for monitoring the affordability of a healthy diet. FAO Statistics Division Working Paper. Rome, FAO. (forthcoming)


IndicatorName: Number of people unable to afford a nutrient adequate diet

Longdefinition: The indicator estimates the total number of people who cannot afford a nutrient adequate diet in a given country and year. The indicator is computed by multiplying the percentage of the population in a country unable to afford a nutrient adequate diet by population data from the World Population Prospect by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). A value of zero indicates a null or a small number rounded down at the current precision level. Data available for 2021.


IndicatorName: Population

Longdefinition: Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.

Source: Population data are sounced from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects.


Aggregationmethod: Weighted average

Developmentrelevance: An official proof of identity is essential for participation in economic, social, and political life and for the fulfillment of rights. Without an ID, people can find it difficult or impossible to access social assistance, healthcare, education, open a bank account or activate a SIM card. Countries with (large) gaps in ID ownership will also face added challenges in effectively designing and delivering public services.  Providing “legal identity to all, including birth registration” is a target (16.9) under the Sustainable Development Goals.

IndicatorName: ID ownership, 15 to 24 years old (%)

License_Type: CC BY-4.0

Limitationsandexceptions: In some economies, surveys may not have been able to reach certain areas due to remoteness or conflict.  However, in most cases, the samples are nationally representative and weighted against select demographics. For a full list of exclusions, see The Global Findex Database 2021 report and methodology: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/f3ee545aac6879c27f8acb61abc4b6f8-0050062022/original/Findex-2021-Methodology.pdf.

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential) between the ages of 15 and 24. If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.

Periodicity: Triennial

Source: Global Findex Database

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: ID ownership is calculated based on a survey conducted on representative samples of the non-institutionalized civilian population over age 15. The data is collected in collaboration between the ID4D Initiative and Global Findex, and carried out by Gallup, Inc., as part of its Gallup World Poll. The survey asks respondents whether they personally own the economy’s primary foundational ID, using the actual term for the foundational ID in the local language. A foundational ID system is primarily created to manage identity information for the general population and provide credentials that serve as proof of identity for a wide variety of public and private sector transactions and services. The name of the credentials referenced in the survey is included in the 2021 ID4D Global ID Coverage Estimates report, available at: https://id4d.worldbank.org/global-dataset. For additional details on the survey methodology, see https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/f3ee545aac6879c27f8acb61abc4b6f8-0050062022/original/Findex-2021-Methodology.pdf.

Topic: Identification

Unitofmeasure: Percentage


IndicatorName: ID ownership, 25 and older (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential), age 25 or older. If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


Developmentrelevance: A birth certificate serves as a legal proof of identity for children and is an important document for securing their recognition before the law and safeguarding their rights. Without a birth certificate, children may be unable to access basic services, such as routine vaccines and healthcare.

IndicatorName: Birth certification (%)

Limitationsandexceptions: The primary source for data on birth certification comes from nationally representative surveys. Research suggest that birth certification rates reported by survey respondents (typically the mother or other primary caregiver) may be higher that actual birth certification as respondents may confuse documents such as the birth notification form with a birth certificate.

Longdefinition: The percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey and whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says that a birth certificate has been issued for the child.

Periodicity: Annual

Relatedindicators: Completeness of birth registration (%) (SP.REG.BRTH.ZS)

Source: UNICEF Global Databases, 2022

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: The primary source for data on birth certification are nationally representative household surveys such as the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). The DHS and MICS employ slightly different question structures for this topic, but both ask a caregiver to report whether a child has been registered and whether a birth certificate was issued for that child. This creates three categories of response: “birth registered, with a certificate”, “birth registered, no certificate”, and “birth not registered”. The DHS combines all three outcomes as responses for one question, whereas the MICS question is multi-step and also probes further by asking the respondent to show the birth certificate if they can (in an attempt to mitigate for confusion with other documents).


IndicatorName: ID ownership, poorest 40% (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents age 15 and above among the poorest 40 percent of households who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential). If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


IndicatorName: ID ownership, richest 60% (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents age 15 and above among the richest 60 percent of households who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential). If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


IndicatorName: ID ownership, female (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of female respondents age 15 and above who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential). If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


IndicatorName: ID ownership, male (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of male respondents age 15 and above who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential). If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


IndicatorName: ID ownership, out of the workforce (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential) among those who are out of the workforce. If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


IndicatorName: ID ownership, primary education or less (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential) among those with a primary education or less. If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


IndicatorName: ID ownership, rural (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential) among those residing in rural areas. If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


IndicatorName: ID ownership, secondary education or more (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential) among those with a secondary education or more. If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


IndicatorName: ID ownership, urban (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential) among those residing in urban areas. If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


IndicatorName: ID ownership, in the workforce (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential) among those who are in the workforce. If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


IndicatorName: ID ownership (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents age 15 and above who report owning a primary foundational ID (national ID or similar credential). If the minimum age for obtaining an ID is above 15, observations below the minimum age are excluded.


Developmentrelevance: Society typically first acknowledges a child’s existence and identity through birth registration. The right to be recognized as a person before the law is a critical step in ensuring lifelong protection and is a prerequisite for exercising all other rights. A birth certificate, issued following birth registration, is an important identity document for children. Birth registration also serves a statistical purpose. Universal birth registration is an essential part of a system of vital statistics, which tracks the major milestones in a person’s life – from birth to marriage and death. Such data are essential for planning and implementing development policies and programs, particularly in health, education, housing, water and sanitation, employment, agriculture and industrial production. The proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority is the official indicator for SDG Target 16.9, which sets out to “By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration”.

IndicatorName: Completeness of birth registration, female (%)

Limitationsandexceptions:
Data on the prevalence of birth registration is collected mainly through censuses, civil registration systems (CRVS) and household surveys. Civil registration systems that are functioning effectively compile vital statistics that are used to compare the estimated total number of births in a country with the absolute number of registered births during a given period. However, the systematic recording of births in many countries remains a serious challenge. In the absence of reliable administrative data, household surveys have become a key source of data to monitor levels and trends in birth registration. In most low- and middle-income countries, such surveys represent the sole source of this information.

Substantial differences can exist between CRVS coverage and birth registration levels as captured by household surveys. The differences are primarily because data from CRVS typically refer to the percentage of all births that have been registered (often within a specific timeframe) whereas household surveys often represent the percentage of children under age five whose births are registered. The latter (the level of registration among children under 5) is specified in the SDG indicator (16.9).

Longdefinition: Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey. The numerator includes children with a birth certificate, regardless of whether or not it was seen by the interviewer, and those without a birth certificate but whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered.

Shortdefinition: Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were registered at the time of the survey / at the time of data collection.

Source: UNICEF global databases, as available on data.unicef.org

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Birth registration refers to the permanent and official recording of a child's existence by some administrative levels of the State that is normally coordinated by a particular branch of the government.

Birth registration estimates are primarily drawn from nationally representative household surveys such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Other data sources include other national surveys, censuses and vital statistics from civil registration systems, and estimated coverage of birth registration within national civil registration systems from the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD).


IndicatorName: Completeness of birth registration, male (%)


IndicatorName: Completeness of birth registration, rural (%)


IndicatorName: Completeness of birth registration, urban (%)


IndicatorName: Completeness of birth registration (%)


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers individual consumption expenditure by households; individual consumption expenditure by nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISHs); individual consumption expenditure by government; collective consumption expenditure by government; gross capital formation; balance of exports and imports.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Rice; Other cereals, flour and other cereal products; Bread; Other bakery products; Pasta products and couscous; Beef and veal; Pork; Lamb, mutton and goat; Poultry; Other meats and meat preparations; Fresh, chilled or frozen fish and seafood; Preserved or processed fish and seafood; Fresh milk; Preserved milk and other milk products; Cheese and curd; Eggs and egg-based products; Butter and margarine; Other edible oils and fats; Fresh or chilled fruit; Frozen, preserved or processed fruit and fruit-based products; Fresh or chilled vegetables, other than potatoes and other tuber vegetables; Fresh or chilled potatoes and other tuber vegetables; Frozen, preserved or processed vegetables and vegetable-based products; Sugar; Jams, marmalades and honey; Confectionery, chocolate and ice cream; Food products n.e.c.; Coffee, tea and cocoa; Mineral waters, soft drinks, fruit and vegetable juices.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Rice; Other cereals, flour and other cereal products; Bread; Other bakery products; Pasta products and couscous; Beef and veal; Pork; Lamb, mutton and goat; Poultry; Other meats and meat preparations; Fresh, chilled or frozen fish and seafood; Preserved or processed fish and seafood; Fresh milk; Preserved milk and other milk products; Cheese and curd; Eggs and egg-based products; Butter and margarine; Other edible oils and fats; Fresh or chilled fruit; Frozen, preserved or processed fruit and fruit-based products; Fresh or chilled vegetables, other than potatoes and other tuber vegetables; Fresh or chilled potatoes and other tuber vegetables; Frozen, preserved or processed vegetables and vegetable-based products; Sugar; Jams, marmalades and honey; Confectionery, chocolate and ice cream; Food products n.e.c.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Rice; Other cereals, flour and other cereal products; Bread; Other bakery products; Pasta products and couscous.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Beef and veal; Pork; Lamb, mutton and goat; Poultry; Other meats and meat preparations.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Fresh, chilled or frozen fish and seafood; Preserved or processed fish and seafood.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Fresh milk; Preserved milk and other milk products; Cheese and curd; Eggs and egg-based products.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Butter and margarine; Other edible oils and fats.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Fresh or chilled fruit; Frozen, preserved or processed fruit and fruit-based products.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Fresh or chilled vegetables, other than potatoes and other tuber vegetables; Fresh or chilled potatoes and other tuber vegetables; Frozen, preserved or processed vegetables and vegetable-based products.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Sugar; Jams, marmalades and honey; Confectionery, chocolate and ice cream.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Food products n.e.c.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Coffee, tea and cocoa; Mineral waters, soft drinks, fruit and vegetable juices.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Spirits; Wine; Beer; Tobacco; Narcotics.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Spirits; Wine; Beer.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Tobacco.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Clothing materials, other articles of clothing and clothing accessories; Garments; Cleaning, repair and hire of clothing; Shoes and other footwear; Repair and hire of footwear.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Furniture and furnishings; Carpets and other floor coverings; Repair of furniture, furnishings and floor coverings; Household textiles; Major household appliances whether electric or not; Small electric household appliances; Repair of household appliances; Glassware, tableware and household utensils; Major tools and equipment; Small tools and miscellaneous accessories; Non-durable household goods; Domestic services; Household services.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Motor cars; Motor cycles; Bicycles; Animal drawn vehicles; Fuels and lubricants for personal transport equipment; Maintenance and repair of personal transport equipment; Other services in respect of personal transport equipment; Passenger transport by railway; Passenger transport by road; Passenger transport by air; Passenger transport by sea and inland waterway; Combined passenger transport; Other purchased transport services.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Motor cars; Motor cycles; Bicycles; Animal drawn vehicles.


IndicatorName: National accounts expenditure value is the best possible estimate provided by the national implementing agency. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Passenger transport by railway; Passenger transport by road; Passenger transport by air; Passenger transport by sea and inland waterway; Combined passenger transport; Other purchased transport services.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Postal services; Telephone and telefax equipment; Telephone and telefax services.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Catering services; Accommodation services.


IndicatorName: Zero national accounts expenditure value may represent that the value for this heading is allocated under other GDP expenditure headings based on the national implementing agency's best judgement. This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Net purchases abroad.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers individual consumption expenditures by government for Housing; Pharmaceutical products; Other medical products; Therapeutic appliances and equipment; Out-patient medical services; Out-patient dental services; Out-patient paramedical services; Hospital services; Compensation of employees - Ind. Hth. Govt; Intermediate consumption - Ind. Hth. Govt; Gross operating surplus - Ind. Hth. Govt; Net taxes on production - Ind. Hth. Govt; Receipts from sales - Ind. Hth. Govt; Recreation and culture; Education benefits and reimbursements; Compensation of employees - Ind. Edu. Govt; Intermediate consumption - Ind. Edu. Govt; Gross operating surplus - Ind. Edu. Govt; Net taxes on production - Ind. Edu. Govt; Receipt from sales - Ind. Edu. Govt; Social protection;


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers collective consumption expenditures by government for Compensation of employees - Coll. Govt; Intermediate consumption - Coll. Govt; Gross operating surplus - Coll. Govt; Net taxes on production - Coll. Govt; Receipts from sales - Coll. Govt.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment; Electrical and optical equipment; General purpose machinery; Special purpose machinery; Road transport equipment; Other transport equipment; Residential buildings; Non-residential buildings; Civil engineering works; Other products; Change in inventories; Acquisitions less disposals of valuables.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment; Electrical and optical equipment; General purpose machinery; Special purpose machinery; Road transport equipment; Other transport equipment; Residential buildings; Non-residential buildings; Civil engineering works; Other products.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment; Electrical and optical equipment; General purpose machinery; Special purpose machinery; Road transport equipment; Other transport equipment.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Residential buildings; Non-residential buildings; Civil engineering works.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Other products.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Change in inventories.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Acquisitions less disposals of valuables.


IndicatorName: This ICP classification heading covers expenditures for Exports of goods and services; Imports of goods and services.


IndicatorName: The total value of the individual consumption expenditures of households, nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISHs), and government at purchasers’ prices.


IndicatorName: Household expenditure on actual and imputed rentals for housing; maintenance and repair of the dwelling; water supply and services related to the dwelling; and electricity, gas, and other fuels plus expenditure by nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISHs) on housing plus general government expenditure on housing services provided to individuals.


IndicatorName: Household expenditure on pharmaceuticals; medical products, appliances, and equipment; outpatient services; and hospital services plus expenditure of nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISHs) on health plus general government expenditure on health benefits and reimbursements, and the production of health services.


IndicatorName: The total value of actual and imputed final consumption expenditures incurred by households and NPISHs on individual goods and services. It also includes expenditures on individual goods and services sold at prices that are not economically significant.


IndicatorName: Household expenditure on audiovisual, photographic, and information processing equipment; other major durables for recreation and culture; other recreational items and equipment; gardens and pets; recreational and cultural services; newspapers, books, and stationery; and package holidays plus expenditure by nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISHs) on recreation and culture plus general government expenditure on recreation and culture


IndicatorName: Household expenditure on pre-primary, primary, secondary, postsecondary, and tertiary education plus expenditure of nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISHs) on education plus general government expenditure on education benefits and reimbursements and the production of education services.


IndicatorName: Household expenditure on personal care, personal effects, social protection, insurance, and financial and other services plus expenditure by nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISHs) on social protection and other services plus general government expenditure on social protection.


IndicatorName: Actual individual consumption at purchasers’ prices plus collective consumption expenditure by government at purchasers’ prices plus gross capital formation at purchasers’ prices.


IndicatorName: The total value of actual and imputed final consumption expenditures incurred by households and NPISHs on individual goods and services, without housing related expenditures. It also includes expenditures on individual goods and services sold at prices that are not economically significant.


IndicatorName: The total value of actual and imputed final consumption expenditures incurred by government on individual goods and services and final consumption expenditure of government on collective goods and services.


IndicatorName: The total value of actual and imputed final consumption expenditures incurred by households, NPISHs, and government on individual goods and services and final consumption expenditure of government on collective goods and services.