IndicatorName: Government expenditure on primary education as % of GDP (%)

Longdefinition: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on primary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Government expenditure on lower secondary education as a percentage of GDP (%)

Longdefinition: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on lower secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics

Topic: Education Expenditures


IndicatorName: Government expenditure on secondary education as % of GDP (%)

Longdefinition: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education as % of GDP (%)

Longdefinition: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Government expenditure on upper secondary education as a percentage of GDP (%)

Longdefinition: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on upper secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education as % of GDP (%)

Longdefinition: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Government expenditure on tertiary education as % of GDP (%)

Longdefinition: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

Longdefinition: Capital expenditure expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Capital expenditure is for education goods or assets that yield benefits for a period of more than one year. It includes expenditure for construction, renovation and major repairs of buildings and the purchase of heavy equipment or vehicles. Divide capital expenditure in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

Longdefinition: Current expenditure expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Current expenditure is consumed within the current year and would have to be renewed if needed in the following year. It includes staff compensation and current expenditure other than for staff compensation (ex. on teaching materials, ancillary services and administration). Divide all current expenditure in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

Longdefinition: Current expenditure other than for staff compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Current expenditure other than for staff compensation includes expenditure on school books and teaching materials, ancillary services (ex. food, transport), and administration and other support activities. Divide current expenditure other than staff compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

Longdefinition: All staff (teacher and non-teachers) compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programmes, and other allowances and benefits. Divide all staff compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

Longdefinition: Non-teacher (e.g. school directors, support staff, administrative staff in local or central Ministries) compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programmes, and other allowances and benefits. To calculate the indicator, divide non-teacher compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. Limitations: Although countries responding to the UIS questionnaire on educational expenditure are required to follow common definitions for staff compensation, in some cases government budget classifications may differ. It is also often difficult to separate staff compensation between teachers and non-teachers, as these are usually grouped together in country's accounting systems. In general, respondent countries must use estimation methods to separate teacher and non-teacher staff compensation. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

Longdefinition: Teacher compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programmes, and other allowances and benefits. To calculate this indicator, divide teacher compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. Limitations: Although countries responding to the UIS questionnaire on educational expenditure are required to follow common definitions for staff compensation, in some cases government budget classifications may differ. It is also often difficult to separate staff compensation between teachers and non-teachers, as these are usually grouped together in country's accounting systems. In general, respondent countries must use estimation methods to separate teacher and non-teacher staff compensation. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Expenditure on school books and teaching material as % of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)

Longdefinition: Expenditure on school books and teaching material expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Divide expenditure on school books and teaching material in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. Limitations: Although countries responding to the UIS questionnaire on educational expenditure are required to follow common definitions, in some cases government budget classifications may differ. It is also often difficult to identify expenditure on school books and teaching material, as not all accounting systems include such a classification. In some poorer countries, foreign donors and/or households may fund a large portion of expenditure on school books and teaching material, and where country respondents only have data on government expenditure, the amounts may be underestimated or missing entirely. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)

Shortdefinition: Capital expenditure expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Capital expenditure is for education goods or assets that yield benefits for a period of more than one year. It includes expenditure for construction, renovation and major repairs of buildings and the purchase of heavy equipment or vehicles. Divide capital expenditure in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)

Shortdefinition: Current expenditure expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Current expenditure is consumed within the current year and would have to be renewed if needed in the following year. It includes staff compensation and current expenditure other than for staff compensation (ex. on teaching materials, ancillary services and administration). Divide all current expenditure in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)

Shortdefinition: Current expenditure other than for staff compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Current expenditure other than for staff compensation includes expenditure on school books and teaching materials, ancillary services (ex. food, transport), and administration and other support activities. Divide current expenditure other than staff compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)

Shortdefinition: Non-teacher (e.g. school directors, support staff, administrative staff in local or central Ministries) compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programmes, and other allowances and benefits. To calculate the indicator, divide non-teacher compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. Limitations: Although countries responding to the UIS questionnaire on educational expenditure are required to follow common definitions for staff compensation, in some cases government budget classifications may differ. It is also often difficult to separate staff compensation between teachers and non-teachers, as these are usually grouped together in country's accounting systems. In general, respondent countries must use estimation methods to separate teacher and non-teacher staff compensation. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)

Shortdefinition: All staff (teacher and non-teachers) compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programmes, and other allowances and benefits. Divide all staff compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)

Shortdefinition: Teacher compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programmes, and other allowances and benefits. To calculate this indicator, divide teacher compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. Limitations: Although countries responding to the UIS questionnaire on educational expenditure are required to follow common definitions for staff compensation, in some cases government budget classifications may differ. It is also often difficult to separate staff compensation between teachers and non-teachers, as these are usually grouped together in country's accounting systems. In general, respondent countries must use estimation methods to separate teacher and non-teacher staff compensation. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Expenditure on school books and teaching material as % of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)

Shortdefinition: Expenditure on school books and teaching material expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Divide expenditure on school books and teaching material in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. Limitations: Although countries responding to the UIS questionnaire on educational expenditure are required to follow common definitions, in some cases government budget classifications may differ. It is also often difficult to identify expenditure on school books and teaching material, as not all accounting systems include such a classification. In some poorer countries, foreign donors and/or households may fund a large portion of expenditure on school books and teaching material, and where country respondents only have data on government expenditure, the amounts may be underestimated or missing entirely. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in upper-secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in upper-secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in upper secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in upper secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in upper secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in upper secondary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in public institutions (%)

Longdefinition: Capital expenditure expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional). Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Capital expenditure is for education goods or assets that yield benefits for a period of more than one year. It includes expenditure for construction, renovation and major repairs of buildings and the purchase of heavy equipment or vehicles. Divide capital expenditure in public institutions by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in public institutions (%)

Longdefinition: Current expenditure other than for staff compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional). Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Current expenditure other than for staff compensation includes expenditure on school books and teaching materials, ancillary services (ex. food, transport), and administration and other support activities. Divide current expenditure other than staff compensation in public institutions by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in public institutions (%)

Longdefinition: All staff (teacher and non-teachers) compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional). Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programmes, and other allowances and benefits. Divide all staff compensation in public institutions by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in public institutions (%)


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per pre-primary student as a percentage of GDP per capita

Longdefinition: Total general (local, regional and central, current and capital) initial government funding of education per student, which includes transfers paid (such as scholarships to students), but excludes transfers received, in this case international transfers to government for education (when foreign donors provide education sector budget support or other support integrated in the government budget). Calculation Method: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure (current and capital) on a given level of education (primary, secondary, etc) minus international transfers to government for education, divided by the number of student enrolled at that level of education. This is then expressed as a share of GDP per capita. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. There are also cases where it may not be possible to separate international transfers to government from general government expenditure on education, in which cases they have not been subtracted in the formula. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per primary student as a percentage of GDP per capita

Shortdefinition: Total general (local, regional and central, current and capital) initial government funding of education per student, which includes transfers paid (such as scholarships to students), but excludes transfers received, in this case international transfers to government for education (when foreign donors provide education sector budget support or other support integrated in the government budget). Calculation Method: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure (current and capital) on a given level of education (primary, secondary, etc) minus international transfers to government for education, divided by the number of student enrolled at that level of education. This is then expressed as a share of GDP per capita. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. There are also cases where it may not be possible to separate international transfers to government from general government expenditure on education, in which cases they have not been subtracted in the formula. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Initial household funding per primary student as a percentage of GDP per capita

Longdefinition: Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport) and purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes). 'Initial funding' means that government transfers to households, such as scholarships and other financial aid for education, are subtracted from what is spent by households. Note that in some countries for some education levels, the value of this indicator may be 0, since on average households may be receiving as much, or more, in financial aid from the government than what they are spending on education. Calculation: Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport), plus purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes), minus government education transfers to households (such as scholarships or other education-specific financial aid). When expressed as a share of GDP, this is then divided by the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Limitations: Indicators for household expenditure on education should be interpreted with caution since data comes from household surveys which may not all follow the same definitions and concepts. These types of surveys are also not carried out in all countries with regularity, and for some categories (such as pupils in pre-primary education), the sample sizes may be low. In some cases where data on government transfers to households (scholarships and other financial aid) was not available, they could not be subtracted from amounts paid by households. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per lower secondary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per secondary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


IndicatorName: Initial household funding per secondary student as a percentage of GDP per capita

Shortdefinition: Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport) and purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes). 'Initial funding' means that government transfers to households, such as scholarships and other financial aid for education, are subtracted from what is spent by households. Note that in some countries for some education levels, the value of this indicator may be 0, since on average households may be receiving as much, or more, in financial aid from the government than what they are spending on education. Calculation: Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport), plus purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes), minus government education transfers to households (such as scholarships or other education-specific financial aid). When expressed as a share of GDP, this is then divided by the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Limitations: Indicators for household expenditure on education should be interpreted with caution since data comes from household surveys which may not all follow the same definitions and concepts. These types of surveys are also not carried out in all countries with regularity, and for some categories (such as pupils in pre-primary education), the sample sizes may be low. In some cases where data on government transfers to households (scholarships and other financial aid) was not available, they could not be subtracted from amounts paid by households. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per upper secondary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per tertiary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


IndicatorName: Initial household funding per tertiary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per pre-primary student, constant PPP$

Longdefinition: Total general (local, regional and central, current and capital) initial government funding of education per student, which includes transfers paid (such as scholarships to students), but excludes transfers received, in this case international transfers to government for education (when foreign donors provide education sector budget support or other support integrated in the government budget). Calculation Method: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure (current and capital) on a given level of education (primary, secondary, etc) minus international transfers to government for education, divided by the number of student enrolled at that level of education. This is then expressed at constant purchasing power parity (constant PPP$). Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. There are also cases where it may not be possible to separate international transfers to government from general government expenditure on education, in which cases they have not been subtracted in the formula. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per primary student, constant PPP$

Shortdefinition: Total general (local, regional and central, current and capital) initial government funding of education per student, which includes transfers paid (such as scholarships to students), but excludes transfers received, in this case international transfers to government for education (when foreign donors provide education sector budget support or other support integrated in the government budget). Calculation Method: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure (current and capital) on a given level of education (primary, secondary, etc) minus international transfers to government for education, divided by the number of student enrolled at that level of education. This is then expressed at constant purchasing power parity (constant PPP$). Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. There are also cases where it may not be possible to separate international transfers to government from general government expenditure on education, in which cases they have not been subtracted in the formula. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Initial household funding per primary student, constant PPP$

Longdefinition: Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport) and purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes). 'Initial funding' means that government transfers to households, such as scholarships and other financial aid for education, are subtracted from what is spent by households. Note that in some countries for some education levels, the value of this indicator may be 0, since on average households may be receiving as much, or more, in financial aid from the government than what they are spending on education. Calculation: Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport), plus purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes), minus government education transfers to households (such as scholarships or other education-specific financial aid). Limitations: Indicators for household expenditure on education should be interpreted with caution since data comes from household surveys which may not all follow the same definitions and concepts. These types of surveys are also not carried out in all countries with regularity, and for some categories (such as pupils in pre-primary education), the sample sizes may be low. In some cases where data on government transfers to households (scholarships and other financial aid) was not available, they could not be subtracted from amounts paid by households. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per lower secondary student, constant PPP$


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per secondary student, constant PPP$


IndicatorName: Initial household funding per secondary student, constant PPP$

Shortdefinition: Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport) and purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes). 'Initial funding' means that government transfers to households, such as scholarships and other financial aid for education, are subtracted from what is spent by households. Note that in some countries for some education levels, the value of this indicator may be 0, since on average households may be receiving as much, or more, in financial aid from the government than what they are spending on education. Calculation: Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport), plus purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes), minus government education transfers to households (such as scholarships or other education-specific financial aid). Limitations: Indicators for household expenditure on education should be interpreted with caution since data comes from household surveys which may not all follow the same definitions and concepts. These types of surveys are also not carried out in all countries with regularity, and for some categories (such as pupils in pre-primary education), the sample sizes may be low. In some cases where data on government transfers to households (scholarships and other financial aid) was not available, they could not be subtracted from amounts paid by households. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per upper secondary student, constant PPP$


IndicatorName: Initial government funding per tertiary student, constant PPP$


IndicatorName: Initial household funding per tertiary student, constant PPP$


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, both sexes (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/

Notesfromoriginalsource: Literacy

Topic: Literacy


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, female (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of female youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)

Longdefinition: The Adjusted Gender Parity Index (GPIA) is calculated by dividing the female value for the indicator by the male value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted gender parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted GPI equal to 1 indicates parity between females and males. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of males and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of females. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, high socio-economic status (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of high socio-economic status youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, low socio-economic status (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of low socio-economic status youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, male (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of male youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, non-immigrant background (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of non-immigrant youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, immigrant background (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of immigrant youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, adjusted native parity index (NPIA)

Longdefinition: The Adjusted Native Parity Index (NPIA) is calculated by dividing the immigrant value for the indicator by the non-immigrant value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted native parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted NPI equal to 1 indicates parity between immigrants and non-immigrants. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of non-immigrants and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of immigrants. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, adjusted wealth parity index (WPIA)

Longdefinition: The Adjusted Wealth Parity Index (WPIA) is calculated by dividing the poorest quintile value for the indicator by the richest quintile value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted wealth parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted WPI equal to 1 indicates parity between the richest and poorest quintiles. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of the richest quintile and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of the poorest quintile. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional numeracy skills, both sexes (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in numeracy. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional numeracy skills, female (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of female youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in numeracy. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional numeracy skills, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)

Shortdefinition: The Adjusted Gender Parity Index (GPIA) is calculated by dividing the female value for the indicator by the male value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted gender parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted GPI equal to 1 indicates parity between females and males. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of males and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of females. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional numeracy skills, high socio-economic status (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of high socio-economic status youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in numeracy. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional numeracy skills, low socio-economic status (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of low socio-economic status youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in numeracy. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional numeracy skills, male (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of male youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in numeracy. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional numeracy skills, non-immigrant background (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of non-immigrant youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in numeracy. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional numeracy skills, immigrant background (%)

Longdefinition: The percentage of immigrant youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in numeracy. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional numeracy skills, adjusted native parity index (NPIA)

Shortdefinition: The Adjusted Native Parity Index (NPIA) is calculated by dividing the immigrant value for the indicator by the non-immigrant value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted native parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted NPI equal to 1 indicates parity between immigrants and non-immigrants. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of non-immigrants and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of immigrants. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


IndicatorName: Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional numeracy skills, adjusted wealth parity index (WPIA)

Shortdefinition: The Adjusted Wealth Parity Index (WPIA) is calculated by dividing the poorest quintile value for the indicator by the richest quintile value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted wealth parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted WPI equal to 1 indicates parity between the richest and poorest quintiles. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of the richest quintile and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of the poorest quintile. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


Longdefinition: Number of years of compulsory pre-primary education guaranteed in legal frameworks. For more information, visit the UNESCO Institute for Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/

Notesfromoriginalsource: Early Childhood Education

Topic: Early Childhood Education


IndicatorName: Number of years of compulsory primary and secondary education guaranteed in legal frameworks

Longdefinition: Number of years of compulsory primary and secondary education. Most countries have legislation specifying the ages and the level of education (typically pre-primary or primary education) at which children should start school. Such legislation usually also specifies either the number of years of education that are guaranteed or the age at which young people may leave education or, in some cases, both. The number of years of primary and secondary education to which children are legally entitled should ideally be the number of grades of primary and secondary education which young people are expected to have completed before being legally eligible to leave school. Years of pre-primary education covered by the legal entitlement should be excluded from this indicator. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/

Notesfromoriginalsource: Secondary

Topic: Secondary


Longdefinition: Number of years of free pre-primary education guaranteed in legal frameworks. For more information, visit the UNESCO Institute for Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/


IndicatorName: Number of years of free primary and secondary education guaranteed in legal frameworks

Longdefinition: Number of years of primary and secondary education to which children and young people are legally entitled that are free from tuition fees. Most countries have legislation specifying the ages and the level of education (typically pre-primary or primary education) at which children should start school. Such legislation usually also specifies either the number of years of education that are guaranteed or the age at which young people may leave education or, in some cases, both. The number of years of primary and secondary education to which children are legally entitled should ideally be the number of grades of primary and secondary education which young people are expected to have completed before being legally eligible to leave school. Years of pre-primary education covered by the legal entitlement should be excluded from this indicator. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Longdefinition: End of the academic school year (pre-primary to post-secondary non tertiary education). For more information, visit the UNESCO Institute for Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/

Notesfromoriginalsource: Background

Topic: Background


IndicatorName: End of the academic school year (tertiary education)

Longdefinition: End of the academic school year for tertiary education. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/

Notesfromoriginalsource: Tertiary

Topic: Tertiary


Longdefinition: End month of the academic school year (pre-primary to post-secondary non-tertiary education). For more information, visit the UNESCO Institute for Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/


IndicatorName: End month of the academic school year (tertiary education)

Longdefinition: Ending month of the academic school year for tertiary education. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Longdefinition: Start of the academic school year (pre-primary to post-secondary non tertiary education). For more information, visit the UNESCO Institute for Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/


IndicatorName: Start of the academic school year (tertiary education)

Longdefinition: Start of the academic school year for tertiary education. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Longdefinition: Start month of the academic school year (pre-primary to post-secondary non-tertiary education). For more information, visit the UNESCO Institute for Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/


IndicatorName: Start month of the academic school year (tertiary education)

Longdefinition: Starting month of the academic school year for tertiary education. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


IndicatorName: Bribery depth (% of public transactions where a gift or informal payment was requested)

License_Type: CC BY-4.0

Longdefinition:
The depth of Bribery is the percentage of instances in which a firm was either expected or requested to provide a gift or informal payment during solicitations for public services, licenses or permits. This measure uses data from 6 survey questions for each firm. For purposes of computation, a refusal to answer a particular survey question is
considered an affirmative answer.

Periodicity: Annual

Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).

Topic: Corruption


IndicatorName: Bribery incidence (percent of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request)

Longdefinition: The percent of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request across 6 public transactions dealing with utilities access, permits, licenses, and taxes.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments during meetings with tax officials.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get an operating license

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments to get an operating license. Spontaneous refusals to the question are treated as a Yes.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying corruption as a major constraint

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying corruption as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms expected to give gifts to secure government contract

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider that firms with characteristics similar to theirs are making informal payments or giving gifts to public officials to secure government contract.


IndicatorName: Value of gift expected to secure a government contract (% of contract value)

Longdefinition: Percentage of contract value expected as a gift to secure government contract. Only firms that have confirmed that they have secured or attempted to secure a government contract in the last 12 months were required to answer this question.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms expected to give gifts to public officials "to get things done"

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider that firms with characteristics similar to theirs are making informal payments or giving gifts to public officials to "get things done" with regard to customs, taxes, licenses, regulations, services etc.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get an electrical connection

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments to get an electrical connection.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get a water connection

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments to get a water connection.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get a construction permit

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments to get a construction permit.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get an import license

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments to get an import license.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying the courts system as a major constraint

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying functioning of the courts as major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms paying for security

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms paying for security, for example equipment, personnel, or professional security services.

Topic: Crime


IndicatorName: Percent of firms experiencing losses due to theft and vandalism

Longdefinition: If there were losses, estimated losses as a result of theft, robbery, vandalism or arson that occurred on establishment's premises calculated as a percentage of annual sales.


IndicatorName: If the establishment pays for security, average security costs (% of annual sales)

Longdefinition: Average security costs as a percentage of total annual sales for firms that pay for security.


IndicatorName: If there were losses, average losses due to theft and vandalism (% of annual sales)

Longdefinition:
If there were losses, estimated losses as a result of theft, robbery, vandalism or arson that occurred on
 establishment's premises calculated as a percentage of annual sales.


IndicatorName: Products shipped to supply domestic markets that were lost due to theft (% of product value)*

Longdefinition: Value of losses of products, due to theft, while in transit to domestic markets.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying crime, theft and disorder as a major constraint

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying crime, theft and disorder as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


IndicatorName: Annual employment growth (%)

Longdefinition: Annualized growth of permanent full-time workers expressed as a percentage. Annual employment growth is the change in full-time employment reported in the current fiscal year from a previous period. For most countries the difference between the two fiscal year periods is two years. However, for some countries the interval is three years. Hence, an annualized measure is used.

Topic: Performance


IndicatorName: Age of the establishment (years)

Longdefinition: Age of the firm based on the year in which the firm began operations.

Topic: Firm Characteristics


IndicatorName: Proportion of private domestic ownership in a firm (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of the firm owned by domestic individuals, companies or organizations.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms with at least 10% of foreign ownership

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that have at least 10% owned by private foreign individuals, companies or organizations.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms with at least 10% of government/state ownership

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms where the government or state has at least a 10% share in ownership of the firm.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms with legal status of Sole Proprietorship


IndicatorName: Percent of firms buying fixed assets

Longdefinition: Percent of firms buying fixed assets such as machinery, equipment, land or buildings.


IndicatorName: Proportion of investment financed internally (%)

Longdefinition: Estimated proportion of purchases of fixed assets that was financed from internal funds/retained earnings.

Topic: Finance


IndicatorName: Value of collateral needed for a loan (% of the loan amount)

Longdefinition:
Value of collateral needed for a loan or line of credit as a percentage of the loan value or the value of the line of
credit.


IndicatorName: Proportion of loans requiring collateral (%)

Longdefinition: Loans requiring collateral in order to get the financing.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms using banks to finance investments

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms using banks to finance purchases of fixed assets.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms using banks to finance working capital

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms with a bank loan/line of credit

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms with bank loans or line of credit.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms with a checking or savings account

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms with a checking or savings account.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying access to finance as a major constraint

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying access/cost of finance as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


IndicatorName: Proportion of investment financed by banks (%)

Longdefinition: Estimated proportion of purchases of fixed assets that was financed from bank loans.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms not needing a loan

Longdefinition:
Percent of firms that did not apply for a loan in the last fiscal year because they did not need a loan. The denominator is the number of firms who did and did not apply for a loan. The numerator is the number of firms
who did not apply for a loan and also stated that they did not need a loan.


Longdefinition: Percent of firms whose recent loan application was rejected.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms using supplier/customer credit to finance working capital

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms using credit from suppliers and advances from customers to finance working capital.


IndicatorName: Proportion of working capital financed by banks (%)

Longdefinition: Proportion of the working capital that was financed by bank loans.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms with female participation in ownership

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms with females among the owners.

Topic: Gender


IndicatorName: Proportion of permanent full-time workers that are female (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of full-time workers that are female.


IndicatorName: Proportion of permanent full-time non-production workers that are female (%)*

Longdefinition: Percentage of permanent full-time non-production workers that are female.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms with a female top manager

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms with females as the top manager.


IndicatorName: Proportion of permanent full-time production workers that are female (%)*

Longdefinition: Percentage of permanent full-time production workers that are female.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms with majority female ownership

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms with majority female ownership


IndicatorName: Percent of firms competing against unregistered or informal firms

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms competing against unregistered or informal firms.

Topic: Informality


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying practices of competitors in the informal sector as a major constraint

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying practices of competitors in the informal sector as major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms formally registered when they started operations in the country

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms formally registered when they started operations in the country.


IndicatorName: Number of years firm operated without formal registration

Longdefinition: Average number of years firms operated without formal registration. This indicator is computed only for the firms that did not have a formal registration when they started their operations in the country.


IndicatorName: Days to obtain an electrical connection (upon application)

Longdefinition:
Average wait, in days, experienced to obtain electrical connection from the day this establishment applied for it to
the day it received the service.

Topic: Infrastructure


IndicatorName: If a generator is used, average proportion of electricity from a generator (%)

Longdefinition: If a generator is used, what percentage of electricity comes from a generator


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying transportation as a major constraint

Longdefinition:
Percentage of firms identifying transportation as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on
the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying electricity as a major constraint

Longdefinition:
Percentage of firms identifying electricity as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the
rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Proportion of products lost to breakage or spoilage during shipping to domestic markets (%)*

Longdefinition: Percentage of products shipped to supply domestic markets lost due to breakage or spoilage.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms experiencing electrical outages

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that experienced power outages over the last complete fiscal year.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms experiencing water insufficiencies

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that experienced insufficient water supply for production over the last complete fiscal year.


IndicatorName: Number of electrical outages in a typical month

Longdefinition: Average number of power outages in a typical month.


IndicatorName: If there were outages, average duration of a typical electrical outage (hours)

Longdefinition: Average duration of power outages (hours) conditional on having a power outage.


IndicatorName: If there were outages, average losses due to electrical outages (% of annual sales)

Longdefinition: If there were outages, average losses due to electrical outages, as percentage of total annual sales.


IndicatorName: Number of water insufficiencies in a typical month*

Longdefinition: Average number of water shortages in a typical month in the last fiscal year.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms owning or sharing a generator

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms owning or sharing a generator.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms with an internationally-recognized quality certification

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that have an internationally-recognized quality certification, i.e. ISO 9000, 9002 or 14000.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms that spend on R&D

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that spent on formal research and development activities during the last fiscal year.

Topic: Innovation and Technology


IndicatorName: Percent of firms with an annual financial statement reviewed by external auditors

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms with their annual financial statement reviewed by an external auditor.


IndicatorName: Capacity utilization (%)*

Longdefinition:
Capacity utilization based on comparison of the current output with the maximum output possible using the
current inputs.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms using technology licensed from foreign companies*

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms using technology licensed from foreign companies.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms having their own Web site

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms using website for business related activities, i.e. sales, product promotion etc.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms using e-mail to interact with clients/suppliers

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms using email to interact with clients or suppliers.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms that introduced a new product/service

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that introduced new or significantly improved products or services over the last three years.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms whose new product/service is also new to the main market

Longdefinition:
Percentage of firms that introduced new or significantly improved products or services over the last three years
 that were also new for the firms' main market.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms that introduced a process innovation

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that introduced any new or significantly improved process.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing access to finance as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider access to finance to be the Biggest Obstacle

Topic: Biggest Obstacle


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing labor regulations as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider labor regulations to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing political instability as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider political instability to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing practices of the informal sector as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider practices of competitors in the informal sector to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing tax administration as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider the tax administration to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing tax rates as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider tax rates to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing transportation as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider transport to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing access to land as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider access to land to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing business licensing and permits as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider business licensing and permits to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing corruption as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider corruption to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing courts as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider courts to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing crime, theft and disorder as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider crime, theft and disorder to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing customs and trade regulations as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider customs and trade regulations to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing electricity as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider electricity to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms choosing inadequately educated workforce as their biggest obstacle

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider an inadequately educated workforce to be the Biggest Obstacle.


IndicatorName: Real annual labor productivity growth (%)

Longdefinition: Annual labor productivity growth is measured by a percentage change in labor productivity between the last completed fiscal year and a previous period, where labor productivity is sales divided by the number of full- time permanent workers. All sales values are deflated to 2009 using each country's GDP deflators.


IndicatorName: Days to obtain an import license

Longdefinition: Average wait, in days, to obtain import license.

Topic: Regulations and Taxes


IndicatorName: Days to obtain an operating license

Longdefinition: The average wait, in days, to obtain an operating license.


IndicatorName: Days to obtain a construction-related permit

Longdefinition: Average wait, in days, to obtain construction-related permit.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying business licensing and permits as a major constraint

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying business licensing and permits as "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


IndicatorName: Senior management time spent dealing with the requirements of government regulation (%)

Longdefinition: Average percentage of senior management's time that is spent in a typical week dealing with requirements imposed by government regulations (eg. taxes, customs, labor regulations, licensing and registration), including dealings with officials, completing forms, et cetera.


IndicatorName: If there were visits, average number of visits or required meetings with tax officials

Longdefinition: If there were a positive number of visits or required meeting with tax officials, what was the average number?


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying tax rates as a major constraint

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying tax rates as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying tax administration as a major constraint

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying tax administration as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms visited or required to meet with tax officials

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that were visited or inspected by tax officials or were required to meet with them over the last year.


IndicatorName: Real annual sales growth (%)

Longdefinition: Real annual sales growth is measured as a percentage change in sales between the last completed fiscal year and a previous period. All sales values are deflated to 2009 using each country's GDP deflators.


IndicatorName: Days to clear direct exports through customs

Longdefinition: Average number of days to clear direct exports through customs.

Topic: Trade


IndicatorName: Percent of firms using material inputs and/or supplies of foreign origin*

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that use material inputs and/or supplies of foreign origin.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms exporting directly (at least 10% of sales)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that export directly at least 10% of their total annual sales.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms exporting directly or indirectly (at least 10% of sales)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that export directly or indirectly at least 10% of their total annual sales.


IndicatorName: Days to clear imports from customs*

Longdefinition: Average number of days to clear imports from customs.


IndicatorName: Proportion of total sales that are exported directly (%)

Longdefinition: Sales exported directly as percentage of total sales.


IndicatorName: Proportion of total inputs that are of foreign origin (%)*

Longdefinition: Percentage of material inputs and/or supplies of foreign origin.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying customs and trade regulations as a major constraint

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying customs and trade regulations as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms offering formal training

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms offering formal training programs for its permanent, full-time employees.

Topic: Workforce


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying an inadequately educated workforce as a major constraint

Longdefinition:
Percentage of firms identifying labor skill level as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on
the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Number of workers

Longdefinition: Number of workers, including permanent and temporary workers. The number of temporary workers is adjusted for the number of months of their employment.


IndicatorName: Proportion of production workers (out of all permanent workers)*

Longdefinition: Proportion of production workers out of all permanent workers*.


IndicatorName: Proportion of temporary workers (out of all workers)

Longdefinition: The proportion of temporary workers out of all workers.


IndicatorName: Proportion of permanent workers (out of all workers)

Longdefinition: The proportion of permanent workers out of all workers.


IndicatorName: Proportion of skilled workers (out of all production workers) (%)*

Longdefinition: Proportion of skilled workers out of all production workers*.


IndicatorName: Proportion of workers offered formal training (%)*

Longdefinition: Percentage of permanent, full-time employees that have received formal training.


IndicatorName: Years of the top manager's experience working in the firm's sector

Longdefinition: Years of experience of the top manager working in the sector.


IndicatorName: Percent of firms identifying labor regulations as a major constraint

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying labor regulations as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


Aggregationmethod: Weighted average

Dataset: Global Findex

Generalcomments: Time series variables

IndicatorName: Account (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution (see the definition for "financial institution account") or report personally using a mobile money service in the past year (see the definition for "mobile money account").

Periodicity: Triennial

Source: Global Findex database

Topic: Assets

Unitofmeasure: Percent


IndicatorName: Account, female (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution (see the definition for "financial institution account") or report personally using a mobile money service in the past year (see the definition for "mobile money account"), female (% age 15+)


IndicatorName: Account, male (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution (see the definition for "financial institution account") or report personally using a mobile money service in the past year (see the definition for "mobile money account"), male (% age 15+)


IndicatorName: Borrowed any money (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money (by themselves or together with someone else) for any reason and from any source in the past year.


IndicatorName: Borrowed any money, female (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money (by themselves or together with someone else) for any reason and from any source in the past year, female (% age 15+)


IndicatorName: Borrowed any money, male (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money (by themselves or together with someone else) for any reason and from any source in the past year, male (% age 15+)


Generalcomments: 2021 variables

IndicatorName: First financial institution account ever was opened to receive a wage payment (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report opening a financial institution account for the first time to receive a wage payment.

Referenceperiod: 2021 variable


IndicatorName: First financial institution account ever was opened to receive a wage payment or money from the government (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report opening a financial institution account for the first time to receive money from the government or to receive a wage payment.


IndicatorName: First financial institution ever account was opened to receive money from the government (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report opening a financial institution account for the first time to receive money from the government.


IndicatorName: Financial institution account (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution.


IndicatorName: Financial institution account, female (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution, female (% age 15+)


IndicatorName: Financial institution account, male (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution, male (% age 15+)


IndicatorName: Reason for not using their inactive account: bank or financial institution is too far away (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report having an inactive account because the bank or financial institution is too far away.


IndicatorName: Reason for not using their inactive account: bank or financial institution is too far away (% with an inactive account, age 15+)

Longdefinition: Among respondents who report having an inactive account, the percentage who report that they don't use their account because the bank or financial institution is too far away.


IndicatorName: Reason for not using their inactive account: no need for an account (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report having an inactive account because they have no need for an account.


IndicatorName: Reason for not using their inactive account: no need for an account (% with an inactive account, age 15+)

Longdefinition: Among respondents who report having an inactive account, the percentage who don't use the account because they have no need for one.


IndicatorName: Reason for not using their inactive account: don't have enough money to use an account (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report having an inactive account because they don't have enough money to use the account.


IndicatorName: Reason for not using their inactive account: don't have enough money to use an account (% with an inactive account, age 15+)

Longdefinition: Among respondents who report having an inactive account, the percentage who report that they don't have enough money to use the account.


IndicatorName: Reason for not using their inactive account: don't feel comfortable using the account by themselves (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report having an inactive account because they don't feel comfortable using the account by themselves.


IndicatorName: Reason for not using their inactive account: don't feel comfortable using an account by themselves (% with an inactive account, age 15+)

Longdefinition: Among respondents who report having an inactive account, the percentage who report that they don't feel comfortable using the account by themselves.


IndicatorName: Reason for not using their inactive account: don't trust banks or financial institutions (% age 15+)

Longdefinition: The percentage of respondents who report having an inactive account because they don't trust banks or financial institutions.


IndicatorName: Reason for not using their inactive account: don't trust banks or financial institutions (% with an inactive account, age 15+)

Longdefinition: Among respondents who report having an inactive account, the percentage who don't use the account because they don't trust banks or financial institutions.