IndicatorName: Indirect taxes (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Indirect taxes are the sum of indirect taxes less subsidies. Indirect taxes are those taxes payable by producers that relate to the production, sale, purchase or use of the goods and services. Subsidies are grants on the current account made by general government to private enterprises and unincorporated public enterprises.  Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Taxes on international trade, GB (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Taxes on international trade include import duties, export duties, profits of export or import monopolies, exchange profits, and exchange taxes.  Current revenue includes all revenue from taxes and nonrepayable receipts (other than grants) from the sale of land, intangible assets, government stocks, or fixed capital assets, or from capital transfers from nongovernmental sources.  It also includes fines, fees, recoveries, inheritance taxes, and nonrecurrent levies on capital.  Data are shown for central government only.  Data are in current local currency.

Periodicity: Annual

Source: World Bank country economists.

Topic: Public Sector: Government finance: Expense


IndicatorName: Adjustments to foreign scheduled debt service (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term contractual obligations to others outstanding on a particular date such as money deposits, securities, shares and loans.  Data are in current local currency.

Source: World Bank country economists


IndicatorName: Central government debt service, external (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term contractual obligations to others outstanding on a particular date such as money deposits, securities, shares and loans. Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Government consumption (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Current expenditure on goods and services comprises payments of wages and salaries in cash to employees (including the armed forces) before deduction of withholding taxes and employees' contributions to social security and pension funds, as well as employers' contributions to superannuation schemes outside government, and other purchases of goods and services (wages and salaries in kind, office supplies and maintenance charges etc.). Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Interest on domestic debt (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Interest on domestic debt.  Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Interest on external debt (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Interest on external debt (current LCU). Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Subsidies (GFS, current LCU)

Longdefinition: Subsidies are current unrequited payments that government units make to enterprises, resident producers and importers. Subsidies may be designed to influence enterprises level or type of production, or the prices at which the products are sold. (Capital grants are in the national accounts classified as capital transfers.) Subsidies consists of ‘subsidies on products’, subsidies payable per unit of a good or a service, and ‘other subsidies on production’, which cover all other subsidies enterprises receives as a consequence of engaging in production. Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Current expenditure, total (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Total current expenditure includes requited payments other than for capital assets or for goods or services to be used in the production of capital assets, and unrequited payments for purposes other than permitting the recipients to acquire capital assets, compensating the recipients for damage or destruction of capital assets, or increasing the financial capital of the recipients.  Data are shown for central government only.  Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Other current transfers (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Other current transfers include all unrequited, nonrepayable transfers on current account to private and public enterprises. Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Wages and salaries (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Wages and salaries consist of all payments in cash, but not in kind, to employees in return for services rendered, before deduction of withholding taxes and employees  contributions to social security and pension funds. Data are shown for central government only.  Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Defense expenditure (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Defense expenditures for NATO countries are based on the NATO definition, which covers military-related expenditures of the defense ministry (including recruiting, training, construction, and the purchase of military supplies and equipment) and other ministries. Civilian-type expenditures of the defense ministry are excluded. Military assistance is included in the expenditures of the donor country, and purchases of military equipment on credit are included at the time the debt is incurred, not at the time of payment. Data for other countries generally cover expenditures of the ministry of defense (excluded are expenditures on public order and safety, which are classified separately). Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Total expenditure and net lending (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Total expenditure and net lending includes both current and capital (development) expenditures and includes lending minus repayments. Data are shown for central government only.  Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Total capital expenditure and net lending (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Expenditure for acquisition of land, intangible assets, government   stocks, and nonmilitary and nonfinancial assets; also for capital  grants and lending minus repayments. Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Budgetary investment (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Budgetary investment.  Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Capital transfers (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Capital transfers. Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Fiscal balance, cash surplus/deficit (current US$)

Longdefinition: Cash surplus or deficit is revenue (including grants) minus expense, minus net acquisition of nonfinancial assets. In the 1986 GFS manual nonfinancial assets were included under revenue and expenditure in gross terms. This cash surplus or deficit is closest to the earlier overall budget balance (still missing is lending minus repayments, which are now a financing item under net acquisition of financial assets).

Source: International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files.

Topic: Public Sector: Government finance: Deficit & financing


IndicatorName: Cash surplus/deficit (current LCU)

Shortdefinition: Cash surplus or deficit is revenue (including grants) minus expense, minus net acquisition of nonfinancial assets. In the 1986 GFS manual nonfinancial assets were included under revenue and expenditure in gross terms. This cash surplus or deficit is closest to the earlier overall budget balance (still missing is lending minus repayments, which are now a financing item under net acquisition of financial assets).


Aggregationmethod: Weighted average

IndicatorName: Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP)

Source: International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates.


IndicatorName: Net incurrence of liabilities, domestic (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Net incurrence of government liabilities includes foreign financing (obtained from nonresidents) and domestic financing (obtained from residents), or the means by which a government provides financial resources to cover a budget deficit or allocates financial resources arising from a budget surplus. The net incurrence of liabilities should be offset by the net acquisition of financial assets (a third financing item). The difference between the cash surplus or deficit and the three financing items is the net change in the stock of cash.


Aggregationmethod: Median

IndicatorName: Net incurrence of liabilities, domestic (% of GDP)

Shortdefinition: Net incurrence of government liabilities includes foreign financing (obtained from nonresidents) and domestic financing (obtained from residents), or the means by which a government provides financial resources to cover a budget deficit or allocates financial resources arising from a budget surplus. The net incurrence of liabilities should be offset by the net acquisition of financial assets (a third financing item). The difference between the cash surplus or deficit and the three financing items is the net change in the stock of cash.


IndicatorName: Net incurrence of liabilities, foreign (current LCU)


IndicatorName: Net incurrence of liabilities, foreign (% of GDP)


IndicatorName: Grants and other revenue (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Grants and other revenue include grants from other foreign governments, international organizations, and other government units; interest; dividends; rent; requited, nonrepayable receipts for public purposes (such as fines, administrative fees, and entrepreneurial income from government ownership of property); and voluntary, unrequited, nonrepayable receipts other than grants.

Topic: Public Sector: Government finance: Revenue


IndicatorName: Grants and other revenue (% of revenue)

Shortdefinition: Grants and other revenue include grants from other foreign governments, international organizations, and other government units; interest; dividends; rent; requited, nonrepayable receipts for public purposes (such as fines, administrative fees, and entrepreneurial income from government ownership of property); and voluntary, unrequited, nonrepayable receipts other than grants.


IndicatorName: Social contributions (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Social contributions include social security contributions by employees, employers, and self-employed individuals, and other contributions whose source cannot be determined. They also include actual or imputed contributions to social insurance schemes operated by governments.


IndicatorName: Social contributions (% of revenue)

Shortdefinition: Social contributions include social security contributions by employees, employers, and self-employed individuals, and other contributions whose source cannot be determined. They also include actual or imputed contributions to social insurance schemes operated by governments.


IndicatorName: Total revenue (current US$)

Longdefinition: Current revenue includes all revenue from taxes and nonrepayable receipts (other than grants) from the sale of land, intangible assets, government stocks or fixed capital assets, or from capital transfers from nongovernmental sources. It also includes inheritance taxes and nonrecurrent levies on capital. Data are in current US dollar.


IndicatorName: Total revenue (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Current revenue includes all revenue from taxes and nonrepayable receipts (other than grants) from the sale of land, intangible assets, government stocks or fixed capital assets, or from capital transfers from nongovernmental sources. It also includes inheritance taxes and nonrecurrent levies on capital. Data are in current local currency.


IndicatorName: Revenue, excluding grants (current US$)

Longdefinition: Revenue is cash receipts from taxes, social contributions, and other revenues such as fines, fees, rent, and income from property or sales. Grants are also considered as revenue but are excluded here.  Data are in current US dollar.


IndicatorName: Revenue, excluding grants (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Revenue is cash receipts from taxes, social contributions, and other revenues such as fines, fees, rent, and income from property or sales. Grants are also considered as revenue but are excluded here.


IndicatorName: Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)

Shortdefinition: Revenue is cash receipts from taxes, social contributions, and other revenues such as fines, fees, rent, and income from property or sales. Grants are also considered as revenue but are excluded here.


IndicatorName: Taxes on exports (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Taxes on exports are all levies on goods being transported out of the country or services being delivered to nonresidents by residents. Rebates on exported goods that are repayments of previously paid general consumption taxes, excise taxes, or import duties are deducted from the gross amounts receivable from these taxes, not from amounts receivable from export taxes.


IndicatorName: Taxes on exports (% of tax revenue)

Shortdefinition: Taxes on exports are all levies on goods being transported out of the country or services being delivered to nonresidents by residents. Rebates on exported goods that are repayments of previously paid general consumption taxes, excise taxes, or import duties are deducted from the gross amounts receivable from these taxes, not from amounts receivable from export taxes.


IndicatorName: Taxes on goods and services (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Taxes on goods and services include general sales and turnover or value added taxes, selective excises on goods, selective taxes on services, taxes on the use of goods or property, taxes on extraction and production of minerals, and profits of fiscal monopolies.


IndicatorName: Taxes on goods and services (% of revenue)

Shortdefinition: Taxes on goods and services include general sales and turnover or value added taxes, selective excises on goods, selective taxes on services, taxes on the use of goods or property, taxes on extraction and production of minerals, and profits of fiscal monopolies.


IndicatorName: Taxes on goods and services (% value added of industry and services)

Source: International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, and World Bank and OECD value added estimates.


IndicatorName: Customs and other import duties (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Customs and other import duties are all levies collected on goods that are entering the country or services delivered by nonresidents to residents. They include levies imposed for revenue or protection purposes and determined on a specific or ad valorem basis as long as they are restricted to imported goods or services.


IndicatorName: Customs and other import duties (% of tax revenue)

Shortdefinition: Customs and other import duties are all levies collected on goods that are entering the country or services delivered by nonresidents to residents. They include levies imposed for revenue or protection purposes and determined on a specific or ad valorem basis as long as they are restricted to imported goods or services.


IndicatorName: Taxes on international trade (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Taxes on international trade include import duties, export duties, profits of export or import monopolies, exchange profits, and exchange taxes.


IndicatorName: Taxes on international trade (% of revenue)

Shortdefinition: Taxes on international trade include import duties, export duties, profits of export or import monopolies, exchange profits, and exchange taxes.


IndicatorName: Other taxes (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Other taxes include employer payroll or labor taxes, taxes on property, and taxes not allocable to other categories, such as penalties for late payment or nonpayment of taxes.


IndicatorName: Other taxes (% of revenue)

Shortdefinition: Other taxes include employer payroll or labor taxes, taxes on property, and taxes not allocable to other categories, such as penalties for late payment or nonpayment of taxes.


IndicatorName: Tax revenue (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes. Certain compulsory transfers such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are excluded. Refunds and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue are treated as negative revenue.


IndicatorName: Tax revenue (% of GDP)

Shortdefinition: Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes. Certain compulsory transfers such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are excluded. Refunds and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue are treated as negative revenue.


IndicatorName: Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are levied on the actual or presumptive net income of individuals, on the profits of corporations and enterprises, and on capital gains, whether realized or not, on land, securities, and other assets. Intragovernmental payments are eliminated in consolidation.


IndicatorName: Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of revenue)

Shortdefinition: Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are levied on the actual or presumptive net income of individuals, on the profits of corporations and enterprises, and on capital gains, whether realized or not, on land, securities, and other assets. Intragovernmental payments are eliminated in consolidation.


IndicatorName: Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of total taxes)


IndicatorName: Compensation of employees (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Compensation of employees consists of all payments in cash, as well as in kind (such as food and housing), to employees in return for services rendered, and government contributions to social insurance schemes such as social security and pensions that provide benefits to employees.


IndicatorName: Compensation of employees (% of expense)

Shortdefinition: Compensation of employees consists of all payments in cash, as well as in kind (such as food and housing), to employees in return for services rendered, and government contributions to social insurance schemes such as social security and pensions that provide benefits to employees.


IndicatorName: Goods and services expense (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Goods and services include all government payments in exchange for goods and services used for the production of market and nonmarket goods and services. Own-account capital formation is excluded.


IndicatorName: Goods and services expense (% of expense)

Shortdefinition: Goods and services include all government payments in exchange for goods and services used for the production of market and nonmarket goods and services. Own-account capital formation is excluded.


IndicatorName: Interest payments (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Interest payments include interest payments on government debt--including long-term bonds, long-term loans, and other debt instruments--to domestic and foreign residents.


IndicatorName: Interest payments (% of revenue)

Shortdefinition: Interest payments include interest payments on government debt--including long-term bonds, long-term loans, and other debt instruments--to domestic and foreign residents.


IndicatorName: Interest payments (% of expense)


IndicatorName: Other expense (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Other expense is spending on dividends, rent, and other miscellaneous expenses, including provision for consumption of fixed capital.


IndicatorName: Other expense (% of expense)

Shortdefinition: Other expense is spending on dividends, rent, and other miscellaneous expenses, including provision for consumption of fixed capital.


IndicatorName: Expense (current US$)

Longdefinition: Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends. Data in US dollars.


IndicatorName: Expense (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends.


IndicatorName: Expense (% of GDP)

Shortdefinition: Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends.


IndicatorName: Subsidies and other transfers (current LCU)

Longdefinition: Subsidies, grants, and other social benefits include all unrequited, nonrepayable transfers on current account to private and public enterprises; grants to foreign governments, international organizations, and other government units; and social security, social assistance benefits, and employer social benefits in cash and in kind.


IndicatorName: Subsidies and other transfers (% of expense)

Shortdefinition: Subsidies, grants, and other social benefits include all unrequited, nonrepayable transfers on current account to private and public enterprises; grants to foreign governments, international organizations, and other government units; and social security, social assistance benefits, and employer social benefits in cash and in kind.


Generalcomments: Two types of data are used in the GCI: (a) Survey data:These data are the results drawn from the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey. (b) Hard data: These data come from indicators obtained from a variety of sources.

IndicatorName: 10th pillar: Market size

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: (a) Domestic market size index  (b) Foreign market size index.

Source: The Global Competitiveness Report: various issues (http://gcr.weforum.org/).

Topic: Public Sector: Policy & institutions


IndicatorName: 11th pillar: Business sophistication

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators:  (a) Local supplier quantity (b) Local supplier quality (c) State of cluster development (d) Nature of competitive advantage (e) Value chain breadth (f)  Control of international distribution (g) Production process sophistication (h) Extent of marketing and (i) Willingness to delegate authority.


IndicatorName: 12th pillar: Innovation

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators:  (a) Capacity for innovation (b) Quality of scientific research institutions (c) Company spending on R&D (d) University-industry collaboration in R&D (e) Gov’t procurement of advanced tech product (f) Availability of scientist and engineers and (g) Utility patents per million population.

Shortdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators:  (a) Capacity for innovation (b) Quality of scientific research institutions (c) Company spending on Research & Development (d) University-industry collaboration in R&D (e) Government procurement of advanced tech product (f) Availability of scientist and engineers and (g) Utility patents per million population.


IndicatorName: 1st pillar: Institutions

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators:  (a) Property rights (b) Intellectual property protection (c) Diversion of public funds (d) Public trust of politicians (e) Irregular payments and bribes (f) Judicial independence (g) Favoritism in decisions of government officials (h) Wastefulness of government officials (i) Burden of government regulation (j) Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes (k) Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations (l) Transparency of government policymaking (m) Business costs of terrorism (n) Business costs of crime and violence (o) Organized crime (p) Reliability of police services (q) Ethical behavior of firms (r) Strength of auditing and reporting standards (s) Efficacy of corporate boards (t) Protection of minority shareholders interests and (u) Strength of investor protection.


IndicatorName: 2nd pillar: Infrastructure

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Quality of overall infrastructure (b) Quality of roads (c) Quality of railroad infrastructure (d) Quality of port infrastructure (e) Quality of air transport infrastructure (f) Available airline seat kilometers (g) Quality of electricity supply (h) Fixed telephone lines and (i) Mobile telephone subscriptions.

Shortdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: (a) Quality of overall infrastructure (b) Quality of roads (c) Quality of railroad infrastructure (d) Quality of port infrastructure (e) Quality of air transport infrastructure (f) Available airline seat kilometers (g) Quality of electricity supply (h) Fixed telephone lines and (i) Mobile telephone subscriptions.


IndicatorName: 3rd pillar: Macroeconomic stability

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Government budget balance (b) National savings rate (c) Inflation (d) Interest rate spread (e) Government debt and (f) Country credit rating.

Shortdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: (a) Government budget balance (b) National savings rate (c) Inflation (d) Interest rate spread (e) Government debt and (f) Country credit rating.


IndicatorName: 4th pllar: Health and primary education

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Business impact of malaria (b) Malaria incidence (c) Business impact of tuberculosis (d) Tuberculosis incidence (e) Business impact of HIV/AIDS (f) HIV prevalence (g) Infant mortality (h) Life expectancy (i) Quality of primary education and (j) Primary education enrollment rate.

Shortdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: (a) Business impact of malaria (b) Malaria incidence (c) Business impact of tuberculosis (d) Tuberculosis incidence (e) Business impact of HIV/AIDS (f) HIV prevalence (g) Infant mortality (h) Life expectancy (i) Quality of primary education and (j) Primary education enrollment rate.


IndicatorName: 5th pillar: Higher education and training

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Secondary enrollment (b) Tertiary enrollment (c) Quality of the educational system  (d) Quality of math and science education (e) Quality of management schools (f) Internet access in schools (g) Local availibity of research and training services and (h) Extent of staff training.

Shortdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: (a) Secondary enrollment (b) Tertiary enrollment (c) Quality of the educational system  (d) Quality of math and science education (e) Quality of management schools (f) Internet access in schools (g) Local availability of research and training services and (h) Extent of staff training.


IndicatorName: 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Intensity of local competition (b) Extent of market dominance (c) Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy (d) Extent and effect of taxation (e) Total tax rate  (f) Number of procedures required to start a business (g) Time required to start a business (h) Agricultural policy costs (i) Prevalence of trade barriers (j) Trade tariffs (k) Prevalence of foreign ownership (l) Business impact of rules on FDI (m) Burden of customs procedures (n) Degree of customer orientation and (o) Buyer sophistication.

Shortdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: (a) Intensity of local competition (b) Extent of market dominance (c) Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy (d) Extent and effect of taxation (e) Total tax rate  (f) Number of procedures required to start a business (g) Time required to start a business (h) Agricultural policy costs (i) Prevalence of trade barriers (j) Trade tariffs (k) Prevalence of foreign ownership (l) Business impact of rules on FDI (m) Burden of customs procedures (n) Degree of customer orientation and (o) Buyer sophistication.


IndicatorName: 7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Cooperation in labor-employer relations (b) Flexibility of wage determination (c) Rigidity of employment (d) Hiring and firing practices (e) Firing costs  (f) Pay and productivity (g) Reliance on professional management (g) Brain drain and (h) Female participation in labor force.

Shortdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: (a) Cooperation in labor-employer relations (b) Flexibility of wage determination (c) Rigidity of employment (d) Hiring and firing practices (e) Firing costs  (f) Pay and productivity (g) Reliance on professional management (g) Brain drain and (h) Female participation in labor force.


IndicatorName: 8th pillar: Financial market sophistication

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Availability of financial services (b) Affordability of financial services  (c) Financing through local equity market (d) Ease of access to loans (e) Venture capital availability  (f) Restriction on capital flows (g) Soundness of banks (h) Regulation of securities exchanges and (i) Legal rights index.

Shortdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: (a) Availability of financial services (b) Affordability of financial services  (c) Financing through local equity market (d) Ease of access to loans (e) Venture capital availability  (f) Restriction on capital flows (g) Soundness of banks (h) Regulation of securities exchanges and (i) Legal rights index.


IndicatorName: 9th pillar: Techonological readiness

Longdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Availability of latest technologies (b) Firm-level technology absorption (c) FDI and technology transfer (d) Internet users  (f)Broadband Internet subscriptions and  (g) Internet bandwidth.

Shortdefinition: This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: (a) Availability of latest technologies (b) Firm-level technology absorption (c) FDI and technology transfer (d) Internet users  (f) Broadband Internet subscriptions and  (g) Internet bandwidth.


IndicatorName: Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)

Longdefinition: The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), a highly comprehensive index, which captures the microeconomic and macroeconomic foundations of national competitiveness.  Competitiveness as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country.


IndicatorName: Innovation and sophistication factors (weighted index 11th pillar to 12 th pillar)

Longdefinition: The innovation and sophistication factors subindex includes the pillars (pillar 11 and 12) critical to countries in the innovation-driven stage.


IndicatorName: Basic requirements (weighted index 1st pillar to 4th pillar)

Longdefinition: The basic requirements subindex groups those pillars (pillar 1 to 4) most critical for countries in the factor-driven stage.


IndicatorName: Efficiency enhancers (weighted index 5th to 10th pillar)

Longdefinition: The efficiency enhancers subindex includes those pillars critical for countries in the efficiency-driven stage (pillar 5 to 10).


IndicatorName: Global Competitive Index (GCI) rank

Longdefinition:
This ranks each country for The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI).  The 2006–2007 rank is out of 125 countries.
  The 2007–2008 rank is out of 131 countries.  The 2008–2009 rank is out of 134 countries.  The 2009–2010 rank is out of 133 countries.


IndicatorName: Control of Corruption (estimate)

Longdefinition: Control of corruption measures the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as “capture” of the state by elites and private interests.  Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.

Source: World Bank Institute.


IndicatorName: Control of Corruption (number of surveys/polls)

Longdefinition: See definition GV.CONT.CO.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.CONT.CO.ES.


IndicatorName: Government Effectiveness (estimate)

Longdefinition: Government effectiveness measures the quality of public services, the quality and degree of independence from political pressures of the civil service, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies. Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.


IndicatorName: Government Effectiveness (number of surveys/polls)

Longdefinition: See definition GV.GOVT.EF.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.GOVT.EF.ES.


IndicatorName: Political Stability/No Violence (estimate)

Longdefinition: Political stability and absence of violence measures the perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including domestic violence or terrorism.  Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.


IndicatorName: Political Stability/No Violence (number of surveys/polls)

Longdefinition: See definition GV.POL.ST.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.POL.ST.ES.


IndicatorName: Regulatory Quality (estimate)

Longdefinition: Regulatory quality measures the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.  Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.


IndicatorName: Regulatory Quality (number of surveys/polls)

Longdefinition: See definition GV.REGL.LA.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.REGL.LA.ES.


IndicatorName: Rule of Law (estimate)

Longdefinition: Rule of law measures the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.  Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.


IndicatorName: Rule of Law (number off surveys/polls)

Longdefinition: See definition GV.RULE.LW.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.RULE.LW.ES.


IndicatorName: Corruption Perceptions Index (rank)

Longdefinition: This is the ranking from the annual Transparency International corruption perceptions index, which ranks more than 150 countries in terms of perceived levels of corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys.  For more information on this indicator, please visit http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi the Transparency International page on the topic.


IndicatorName: Corruption Perceptions Index (score)

Longdefinition: This information is from the http://www.transparency.org Transparency International web site.  More information may be available there.  CPI Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts, and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt).  Confidence range provides a range of possible values of the CPI score. This reflects how a country's score may vary, depending on measurement precision. Nominally, with 5 percent probability the score is above this range and with another 5 percent it is below. However, particularly when only few


IndicatorName: Voice and Accountability (estimate)

Longdefinition: Voice and accountability measures the extent to which a country’s citizens are able to participate in selecting their government and to enjoy freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.  Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.


IndicatorName: Voice and Accountability (number of surveys/polls)

Longdefinition: See definition GV.VOIC.AC.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.VOIC.AC.ES.


IndicatorName: Open Budget Index Overall Country Score

Longdefinition:
Open Budget Index scores countries from zero to 100, based on a subset of 91 questions from the questionnaire. These questions focus on the public availability of eight key budget documents (with a particular emphasis on the Executive’s Budget Proposal), and on the information they contain. A score of 81-100 indicates that a given country provides extensive information in its budget documents, a score of 61-80 indicates significant information, 41-60 indicates some  information, 21-40 indicates minimal information, and zero-20 indicates scant or no information.
The Open Budget Index rates countries on how open their budget books are to their citizens. The Index assesses the availability of key budget documents, the quantity of information they provide, and the timeliness of their dissemination to citizens in order to provide reliable information on each country’s commitment to open budgeting. It is intended to provide citizens, legislators, and civil society advocates with the comprehensive and practical information needed to gauge a government’s commitment to budget transparency and accountability. The Open Budget Index 2006 was calculated based on detailed questionnaires completed by local experts in 59 participating countries from every continent.  In 2008, based on inputs received from researchers and extensive in-house reviews, the International Budget Partnership (IBP) has made three changes in the methodology applied to its Open Budget Survey, which is the basis for the Open Budget Index (OBI). The first change concerns the timing of the release of the eight key budget documents assessed by the Survey. The second change is the inclusion of the enacted budget in calculating country scores for the OBI. The third change is based on comments received from experts from Brazil and Nigeria that resulted in revisions to the answers of a few questions used to assess these countries.


IndicatorName: Protecting investors, director liability index

Longdefinition: Director liability index measures a plaintiff’s ability to hold directors of firms liable for damages to the company, that is, measures the strength of minority shareholder protections against directors’ misuse of corporate assets for personal gain.  The indicators distinguish 3 dimensions of investor protection: transparency of transactions (extent of disclosure index), liability for self-dealing (extent of director liability index) and shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors for misconduct (ease of shareholder suits index). The data come from a survey of corporate lawyers and are based on company laws, court rules of evidence and securities regulations.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.

Source: World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).

Topic: Private Sector & Trade: Business environment


Aggregationmethod: Unweighted average

IndicatorName: Business extent of disclosure index (0=less disclosure to 10=more disclosure)

Longdefinition: Disclosure index measures the extent to which investors are protected through disclosure of ownership and financial information. The index ranges from 0 to 10, with higher values indicating more disclosure.


IndicatorName: Ease of doing business index (1=most business-friendly regulations)

Longdefinition: Ease of doing business index ranks economies from 1 to 183, with first place being the best. A high ranking means that the regulatory environment is conducive to business operation. The index ranks the simple average of the country's percentile rankings on 10 topics covered in the World Bank's Doing Business. The ranking on each topic is the simple average of the percentile rankings on its component indicators.


IndicatorName: Protecting investors, investor protection index

Longdefinition: Protecting investors disclosure index measures the degree to which investors are protected through disclosure of ownership and financial information. For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Protecting investors, shareholder suits index

Longdefinition: Doing Business measures the strength of minority shareholder protections against directors’ misuse of corporate assets for personal gain. The indicators distinguish 3 dimensions of investor protection: transparency of transactions (extent of disclosure index), liability for self-dealing (extent of director liability index) and shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors for misconduct (ease of shareholder suits index). The data come from a survey of corporate lawyers and are based on company laws, court rules of evidence and securities regulations.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Protecting investors (rank)

Longdefinition:
This index averages the country's percentile rankings on: disclosure Index
director liability index, shareholder suits index, and investor protection index, giving equal weight to each topic.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Closing a business, cost (% of estate)

Longdefinition: The cost of the proceedings is recorded as a percentage of the estate’s value. The cost is calculated on the basis of survey responses by insolvency practitioners and includes court fees as well as fees of insolvency practitioners, independent assessors, lawyers and accountants. Respondents provide cost estimates from among the following options: less than 2%, 2–5%, 5–8%, 8–11%, 11–18%, 18–25%, 25–33%, 33–50%, 50–75% and more than 75% of the value of the business estate.  This is the cost of the bankruptcy proceedings.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Closing a business, time (years)

Longdefinition: Time is recorded in calendar years. Information is collected on the sequence of procedures and on whether any procedures can be carried out simultaneously. Potential delay tactics by the parties, such as the filing of dilatory appeals or requests for extension, are taken into consideration.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Closing a business, recovery rate (cents on the dollar)

Longdefinition: The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the dollar recouped by creditors through the bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings. The calculation takes into account whether the business emerges from the proceedings as a going concern as well as costs and the loss in value due to the time spent closing down. If the business keeps operating, no value is lost on the initial claim, set at 100 cents on the dollar. If it does not, the initial 100 cents on the dollar are reduced to 70 cents on the dollar. Then the official costs of the insolvency procedure are deducted (1 cent for each percentage of the initial value). Finally, the value lost as a result of the time the money remains tied up in insolvency proceedings is taken into account, including the loss of value due to depreciation of the hotel furniture. Consistent with international accounting practice, the depreciation rate for furniture is taken to be 20%. The furniture is assumed to account for a quarter of the total value of assets. The recovery rate is the present value of the remaining proceeds, based on end-2006 lending rates from the International Monetary Fund’s International Financial Statistics, supplemented with data from central banks.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Closing a business (rank)

Longdefinition: This index averages the country's percentile rankings on: time, cost (% of estate) and recovery rate (cents on the dollar), giving equal weight to each topic.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Corruption (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked corruption as a major or very severe constraint.

Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).


IndicatorName: Crime (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked crime, theft, and disorder as a major or very severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Electricity (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked electricity as a major or severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Finance (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked access to finance or cost of finance as a major or very severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Firms that share or own their own generator (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Firms that share or own their own generator is the percentage of firms that responded “Yes” to the following question: “Does your establishment own or share a generator?” .  For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the ma


IndicatorName: Days to Obtain Import License

Longdefinition: The average wait, in days, experienced to obtain operating license from the day the establishment applied for it to the day it was granted.


IndicatorName: Practices Informal Sector (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked chose practices informal sector  as a major or very severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Access to Land (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked access to land as a major or very severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Labor regulations (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked labor regulations as a major or severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Labor skills (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked skills of available workers as a major or severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Courts (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked courts and dispute resolution systems as a major or very severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Licenses & Permits (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked licenses and permits as a major or severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Losses Due to Theft, Robbery, Vandalism, and Arson Against the Firm (% of Sales)

Longdefinition: Estimated losses as a result of theft, robbery, vandalism or arson that occurred on establishment’s premises calculated as a percentage of annual sales.


IndicatorName: Days to Obtain Construction-related Permit

Longdefinition: Average wait, in days, experienced to obtain construction-related permit from the day the establishment applied for it to the day it was granted.


IndicatorName: Policy uncertainty (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked economic and regulatory policy uncertainty as a major or very severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Tax Administration (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked tax administration as a major or very severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Tax rates (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked tax rates as a major or very severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Customs & Trade Regulations (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked customs and trade regulations as a major or very severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Transportation (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Is the share of senior managers who ranked transport as a major or very severe constraint.


IndicatorName: Expected to Give Gifts to Get a Construction Permit (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or an informal payment to get a construction permit.


IndicatorName: Credit depth of information index (0=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Credit depth of information index measures rules affecting the scope, accessibility, and quality of credit information available through public or private credit registries. The index ranges from 0 to 6, with higher values indicating the availability of more credit information, from either a public registry or a private bureau, to facilitate lending decisions.


IndicatorName: Getting credit, legal rights index

Longdefinition: The strength of legal rights index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Private credit bureau coverage (% of adults)

Longdefinition: Private credit bureau coverage reports the number of individuals or firms listed by a private credit bureau with current information on repayment history, unpaid debts, or credit outstanding. The number is expressed as a percentage of the adult population.


IndicatorName: Public credit registry coverage (% of adults)

Longdefinition: Public credit registry coverage reports the number of individuals and firms listed in a public credit registry with current information on repayment history, unpaid debts, or credit outstanding. The number is expressed as a percentage of the adult population.


IndicatorName: Getting credit (rank)

Longdefinition: This index ranks economies from 1 to 181, with first place being the best.  This index averages (a) Legal Rights Index, which measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws facilitate lending, (b) a Credit Information Index, which measures rules affecting the scope, access, and quality of credit information, (c) public credit registry coverage, and  (d) private credit bureau coverage, giving equal weight to each topic.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Average time to clear exports through customs (days)

Longdefinition: Average time to clear exports through customs is the average number of days to clear direct exports through customs.


IndicatorName: Average time to clear imports from customs (days)

Longdefinition:
Average time to clear imports through customs is the average number of days to clear imports through customs.
  For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


IndicatorName: Products shipped to supply domestic markets lost due to breakage or spoilage (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of products shipped to supply domestic markets lost due to breakage or spoilage.


IndicatorName: Products Shipped to Supply Domestic Markets Lost Due to Theft (%)

Longdefinition: Losses of the products shipped to supply domestic markets while in transit because of theft (computed as percentage of the consignment values).  For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


IndicatorName: Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)

Longdefinition: Delay in obtaining an electrical connection is the average wait, in days, experienced to obtain an electrical connection from the day an establishment applies for it to the day it receives the service.


IndicatorName: Electricity from Generator (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of electricity supplied from a generator or generators that the establishment owned or shared.   For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


IndicatorName: Expected to Give Gifts to Get an Electrical Connection (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or an informal payment to get an electrical connection.


IndicatorName: Power outages in firms in a typical month (number)

Longdefinition: Power outages are the average number of power outages that establishments experience in a typical month.


IndicatorName: Average duration of power outages (hours)

Longdefinition: Average number of hours of power outages.


IndicatorName: Employees offered formal training (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of workers offered formal training. For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


IndicatorName: Cost to export (US$ per container)

Longdefinition: Cost measures the fees levied on a 20-foot container in U.S. dollars. All the fees associated with completing the procedures to export or import the goods are included. These include costs for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance and technical control, customs broker fees, terminal handling charges and inland transport. The cost measure does not include tariffs or trade taxes. Only official costs are recorded. Several assumptions are made for the business surveyed: Has 60 or more employees; Is located in the country's most populous city; Is a private, limited liability company. It does not operate within an export processing zone or an industrial estate with special export or import privileges; Is domestically owned with no foreign ownership; Exports more than 10% of its sales. Assumptions about the traded goods: The traded product travels in a dry-cargo, 20-foot, full container load. The product: Is not hazardous nor does it include military items; Does not require refrigeration or any other special environment; Does not require any special phytosanitary or environmental safety standards other than accepted international standards.


IndicatorName: Documents to export (number)

Longdefinition: All documents required per shipment to export goods are recorded. It is assumed that the contract has already been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents required for clearance by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminal authorities, health and technical control agencies and banks are taken into account. Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account. Documents that are renewed annually and that do not require renewal per shipment (for example, an annual tax clearance certificate) are not included.

Shortdefinition: Documents to export are all documents required per shipment by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminals, health and technical control agencies, and banks to export goods. Documents renewed annually and not requiring renewal per shipment are excluded.

Topic: Private Sector & Trade: Trade facilitation


IndicatorName: Time to export (days)

Longdefinition: Time is recorded in calendar days. The time calculation for a procedure starts from the moment it is initiated and runs until it is completed. If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure is chosen. It is assumed that neither the exporter nor the importer wastes time and that each commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. Procedures that can be completed in parallel are measured as simultaneous. The waiting time between procedures--for example, during unloading of the cargo--is included in the measure.


IndicatorName: Firms with a Checking or Savings Account (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms with a checking and/or savings account.


IndicatorName: Age of firm (years)

Longdefinition: Age of the firm based on the year in which the firm began operations.


IndicatorName: Firms with annual Financial Statement reviewed by External Auditor (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms with their annual financial statement reviewed by an external auditor.


IndicatorName: Firms using banks to finance investment (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Firms using banks to finance investment are the percentage of firms using banks to finance investments.


IndicatorName: Firms identifying practices of competitors in the Informal Sector as a major constraint (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying practices of competitors in the informal sector as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


IndicatorName: Firms identifying corruption as a major constraint (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying corruption as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


IndicatorName: Informal payments to public officials (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Informal payments to public officials are the percentage of firms expected to make informal payments to public officials to "get things done" with regard to customs, taxes, licenses, regulations, services, and the like.


IndicatorName: Dealing with construction permits, cost (% of income per capita)

Longdefinition: Cost is recorded as a percentage of the economy’s income per capita. Only official costs are recorded. All the fees associated with completing the procedures to legally build a warehouse are recorded, including those associated with obtaining land use approvals and preconstruction design clearances; receiving inspections before, during and after construction; getting utility connections; and registering the warehouse property. Nonrecurring taxes required for the completion of the warehouse project also are recorded. The building code, information from local experts and specific regulations and fee schedules are used as sources for costs. If several local partners provide different estimates, the median reported value is used.


IndicatorName: Firms with Line of Credit or Loans from Financial Institutions (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms with bank loans or line of credit.


IndicatorName: Losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson (% sales)

Longdefinition: Losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson are the estimated losses from those causes that occurred on establishments' premises as a percentage of annual sales.


IndicatorName: Believing the court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupted (% of firms identifying this as a major contraint)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms believing the court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupted as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Trade identifying customs & trade regulations (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that trade identifying customs & trade regulations as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Time required to obtain an operating license (days)

Longdefinition: Time required to obtain operating license is the average wait to obtain an operating license from the day the establishment applied for it to the day it was granted.


IndicatorName: Electricity (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying corruption as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Firms using email to communicate with clients/suppliers (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms using the email for communication with clients or suppliers.


IndicatorName: Average number of permanent, full time employees

Longdefinition: Average number of permanent, full time workers.


IndicatorName: Average number of skilled production employees

Longdefinition: Average number of skilled production workers


IndicatorName: Average number of seasonal/temporary, full-time employees

Longdefinition: Average number of temporary workers.

Shortdefinition: Average number of temporary workers.


Longdefinition: Average number of unskilled production workers.  For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


IndicatorName: Exporter firms (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that export directly or indirectly.


IndicatorName: Firms with female top manager (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms with females as the top manager.


IndicatorName: Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Firms with female participation in ownership are the percentage of firms with a woman among the principal owners.


IndicatorName: Full time female workers (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of full-time workers that are female.


IndicatorName: Access to finance (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying access/cost of finance as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Firms that use material inputs and/or supplies of foreign origin

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms that use material inputs and/or supplies of foreign origin.


IndicatorName: Services Firms Competing Against Unregistered or Informal Firms (% of service firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of services firms competing against unregistered or informal firms.


IndicatorName: ISO certification ownership (% of firms)

Longdefinition: ISO certification ownership is the percentage of firms that have earned a quality certification recognized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).


IndicatorName: Labor regulations (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying labor regulations as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Labor skill level (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying labor skills as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Business Licensing and Permits (% of firms Identifying this as major constraint)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying business licensing and permits as major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Years of Experience of the Top Manager Working in the Firm's Sector

Longdefinition: Years of experience of the top manager working in the firm's sector.


IndicatorName: Value lost due to electrical outages (% of sales)

Longdefinition: Value lost due to electrical outages is the percentage of sales lost due to power outages.


IndicatorName: Enterprise ownership - Government/state (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of government or state ownership in private firms.  The ownership variables represent the average ownership composition within a firm. These variables do not represent the ownership composition across firms.


IndicatorName: Enterprise ownership - Private Foreign (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of foreign ownership in private firms.  The ownership variables represent the average ownership composition within a firm. These variables do not represent the ownership composition across firms.


IndicatorName: Enterprise ownership - Private Domestic (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of domestic ownership in private firms. The ownership variables represent the average ownership composition within a firm. These variables do not represent the ownership composition across firms.


IndicatorName: Largest shareholder ownership (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage held by largest owner or owners


IndicatorName: Dealing with construction, procedures (number)

Longdefinition: A procedure is any interaction of the company’s employees or managers with external parties, including government agencies, notaries, the land registry, the cadastre, utility companies, public and private inspectors and technical experts apart from in-house architects and engineers. Interactions between company employees, such as development of the warehouse plans and inspections conducted by employees, are not counted as procedures. Procedures that the company undergoes to connect to electricity, water, sewerage and phone services are included. All procedures that are legally or in practice required for building a warehouse are counted, even if they may be avoided in exceptional cases.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Firms Formally Registered when Started Operations in the Country (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms formally registered when they started operations in the country.


IndicatorName: Firms Paying for Security (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms paying for security, for example equipment, personnel, or professional security services.

Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)


IndicatorName: Security Costs (% of Sales)

Longdefinition: Average security costs as a percentage of total annual sales.


IndicatorName: Tax Administration (% of firms identifying this as major constraint)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying tax administration as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Tax rates (% of firms identifying this as major constraint)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying tax rates as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Firms using technology licensed from foreign companies (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms using technology licensed from foreign companies. For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


IndicatorName: Firms offering formal training (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Firms offering formal training are the percentage of firms offering formal training programs for their permanent, full-time employees.


IndicatorName: Transportation (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms identifying transport as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


IndicatorName: Firms using its own website (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms using the web for communication with clients or suppliers.


IndicatorName: Number of years firms operated without formal registration

Longdefinition: Average number of years firms operated without formal registration. This indicator is computed only for the firms that did not have a formal registration when they started their operations in the country.


IndicatorName: Dealing with construction permits (rank)

Longdefinition: This index ranks economies from 1 to 181, with first place being the best.  This looks into (a) procedures (b) time and (c) cost  required for a business in the construction industry to build a standardized warehouse and gives weight to each topic.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Expected to Give Gifts to Secure a Government Contract (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of establishments that consider that firms with characteristics similar to theirs are making informal payments or giving gifts to public officials to secure government contract.


IndicatorName: Management time dealing with officials (% of management time)

Longdefinition: Time dealing with officials is the percentage of management time in a given week spent on requirements imposed by government regulations (taxes, customs, labor regulations, licensing and registration).


IndicatorName: Incidence of Graft index

Longdefinition: Incidence of Graft Index is the proportion of instances in which firms were either expected or requested to pay a gift or informal payment over the number of total solicitations for public services, licenses or permits for that country.


IndicatorName: Cost to import (US$ per container)

Longdefinition: Cost measures the fees levied on a 20-foot container in U.S. dollars. All the fees associated with completing the procedures to export or import the goods are included. These include costs for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance and technical control, customs broker fees, terminal handling charges and inland transport. The cost measure does not include tariffs or trade taxes. Only official costs are recorded.


IndicatorName: Documents to import (number)

Longdefinition: All documents required per shipment to import goods are recorded. It is assumed that the contract has already been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents required for clearance by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminal authorities, health and technical control agencies and banks are taken into account. Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account. Documents that are renewed annually and that do not require renewal per shipment (for example, an annual tax clearance certificate) are not included.

Shortdefinition: Documents to import are all documents required per shipment by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminals, health and technical control agencies, and banks to import goods. Documents renewed annually and not requiring renewal per shipment are excluded.


IndicatorName: Time to import (days)

Longdefinition: Time is recorded in calendar days. The time calculation for a procedure starts from the moment it is initiated and runs until it is completed. If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure is chosen. It is assumed that neither the exporter nor the importer wastes time and that each commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. Procedures that can be completed in parallel are measured as simultaneous. The waiting time between procedures--for example, during unloading of the cargo--is included in the measure.


IndicatorName: Expected to Give Gifts to Get an Import License (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or an informal payment to get an import license.


IndicatorName: Time to resolve insolvency (years)

Longdefinition: Time to resolve insolvency is the number of years from the filing for insolvency in court until the resolution of distressed assets.


IndicatorName: Enforcing contracts (rank)

Longdefinition: This index ranks economies from 1 to 181, with first place being the best giving time, cost and procedures equal weight to each topic.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Enforcing contracts, cost (% of claim)

Longdefinition: Cost is recorded as a percentage of the claim, assumed to be equivalent to 200% of income per capita. Only official costs required by law are recorded, including court and enforcement costs and average attorney fees where the use of attorneys is mandatory or common.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Time required to enforce a contract (days)

Longdefinition: Time required to enforce a contract is the number of calendar days from the filing of the lawsuit in court until the final determination and, in appropriate cases, payment.


IndicatorName: Procedures to enforce a contract (number)

Longdefinition: Number of procedures to enforce a contract are the number of independent actions, mandated by law or courts, that demand interaction between the parties of a contract or between them and the judge or court officer.


IndicatorName: Loans requiring collateral (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of loans that require collateral.


IndicatorName: Expected to Give Gifts to Get an Operating License (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or an informal payment to get an operating license.


IndicatorName: Registering property, cost (% of property value)

Longdefinition: Cost is recorded as a percentage of the property value, assumed to be equivalent to 50 times income per capita. Only official costs required by law are recorded, including fees, transfer taxes, stamp duties and any other payment to the property registry, notaries, public agencies or lawyers. Other taxes, such as capital gains tax or value added tax, are excluded from the cost measure. Both costs borne by the buyer and those borne by the seller are included. If cost estimates differ among


IndicatorName: Time required to register property (days)

Longdefinition: Time required to register property is the number of calendar days needed for businesses to secure rights to property.


IndicatorName: Procedures to register property (number)

Longdefinition: Number of procedures to register property is the number of procedures required for a businesses to secure rights to property.


IndicatorName: Registering property (rank)

Longdefinition: This index ranks economies from 1 to 181, with first place being the best. This gives (a) time (b) procedures and (c) cost equal weight to each topic.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Starting a business, minimum capital (% of income per capita)

Longdefinition: The paid-in minimum capital requirement reflects the amount that the entrepreneur needs to deposit in a bank or with a notary before registration and up to 3 months following incorporation and is recorded as a percentage of the country’s income per capita. The amount is typically specified in the commercial code or the company law. Many countries have a minimum capital requirement but allow businesses to pay only a part of it before registration, with the rest to be paid after the first year of operation.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Cost of business start-up procedures (% of GNI per capita)

Longdefinition: Cost to register a business is normalized by presenting it as a percentage of gross national income (GNI) per capita.


IndicatorName: Time required to start a business (days)

Longdefinition: Time required to start a business is the number of calendar days needed to complete the procedures to legally operate a business. If a procedure can be speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure, independent of cost, is chosen.


IndicatorName: Start-up procedures to register a business (number)

Longdefinition: Start-up procedures are those required to start a business, including interactions to obtain necessary permits and licenses and to complete all inscriptions, verifications, and notifications to start operations. Data are for businesses with specific characteristics of ownership, size, and type of production.


IndicatorName: Starting a business (rank)

Longdefinition:
This index averages the country's percentile rankings on: procedures, time, cost (% of income per capita) and minimum capital (% of income per capita)
 giving equal weight to each topic. For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Domestic Sales (% sales)

Longdefinition: Percentage of sales sold domestically.

Shortdefinition: Percentage of sales sold domestically.


IndicatorName: Time to prepare and pay taxes (hours)

Longdefinition: Time to prepare and pay taxes is the time, in hours per year, it takes to prepare, file, and pay (or withhold) three major types of taxes: the corporate income tax, the value added or sales tax, and labor taxes, including payroll taxes and social security contributions.


IndicatorName: Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials is the percentage of firms that answered positively to the question "was a gift or informal payment expected or requested during a meeting with tax officials?"


IndicatorName: Paying taxes, labor tax and contributions (%)

Longdefinition: The total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by the business in the second year of operation, expressed as a share of commercial profits. Doing Business 2008 reports the total tax rate for fiscal 2006. The total amount of taxes is the sum of all the different taxes and contributions payable after accounting for deductions and exemptions. The taxes withheld (such as sales or value added tax or personal income tax) but not paid by the company are excluded. The taxes included can be divided into 5 categories: profit or corporate income tax, social contributions and labor taxes paid by the employer (for which all mandatory contributions are included, even if paid to a private entity such as a requited pension fund), property taxes, turnover taxes and other small taxes (such as municipal fees and vehicle and fuel taxes).  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Average number of times firms spent in meetings with tax officials

Longdefinition: Average number of times management met with tax officials is the average number of visits or required meetings with tax officials.


IndicatorName: Paying taxes, other taxes (%)

Longdefinition: Amount of taxes and mandatory contributions paid by the business that are not already included in the tax profits and labour taxes.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Tax payments (number)

Longdefinition: Tax payments by businesses are the total number of taxes paid by businesses, including electronic filing. The tax is counted as paid once a year even if payments are more frequent.


IndicatorName: Paying taxes, profit tax (%)

Longdefinition:
Total amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by the business.
For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Total tax rate (% of commercial profits)

Longdefinition: Total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by businesses after accounting for allowable deductions and exemptions as a share of commercial profits. Taxes withheld (such as personal income tax) or collected and remitted to tax authorities (such as value added taxes, sales taxes or goods and service taxes) are excluded.


IndicatorName: Paying taxes (rank)

Longdefinition: This index ranks economies from 1 to 181, with first place being the best.  This  assesses (a) number of payments (b) time spent to prepare taxes (c) labour taxes (d) other taxes and (e) taxes on profits and gives each topic equal weight.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


IndicatorName: Delay in obtaining a mainline telephone connection (days)

Longdefinition: Delay for firm in obtaining a telephone connection is the average actual delay in days that firms experience when obtaining a telephone connection, measured from the day the establishment applied to the day it received the service or approval.


IndicatorName: Expected to Give Gifts to Get a Phone Connection (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or an informal payment to get a phone connection.


IndicatorName: Trading across borders (rank)

Longdefinition: This index ranks economies from 1 to 181, with first place being the best.  This gives an equal weigh to each of the topics in order for ranking (a) number of all documents required to export/import goods, (b) time and (c) cost.


IndicatorName: Value of collateral needed for a loan (% of the loan amount)

Longdefinition: Value of collateral needed for a loan or line of credit as a percentage of the loan value or the value of the line of credit.


IndicatorName: Value of Gift Expected to Secure Government Contract (% of Contract)

Longdefinition: Percentage of contract value expected as a gift to secure government contract. Only firms that have confirmed that they have secured or attempted to secure a government contract in the last 12 months were required to answer this question.


IndicatorName: Delay in obtaining a water connections (days)

Longdefinition: Delay for firm in obtaining water connection is the average actual delay in days that firms experience when obtaining a water connection, measured from the day the establishment applied to the day it received the service or approval.


IndicatorName: Expected to Give Gifts to Get a Water Connection (% of firms)

Longdefinition: Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or an informal payment to get a water connection.


IndicatorName: Time required to build a warehouse (days)

Longdefinition: Time required to build a warehouse is the number of calendar days needed to complete the required procedures for building a warehouse. If a procedure can be speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure, independent of cost, is chosen.


IndicatorName: Information and communication technology expenditure per capita (current US$)

Longdefinition: Information and communications technology expenditures include computer hardware (computers, storage devices, printers, and other peripherals); computer software (operating systems, programming tools, utilities, applications, and internal software development); computer services (information technology consulting, computer and network systems integration, Web hosting, data processing services, and other services); and communications services (voice and data communications services) and wired and wireless communications equipment.

Source: World Information Technology and Services Alliance, Digital Planet: The Global Information Economy, and Global Insight, Inc.

Topic: Infrastructure: Communications


IndicatorName: Information and communication technology expenditure (current US$)

Shortdefinition: Information and communications technology expenditures include computer hardware (computers, storage devices, printers, and other peripherals); computer software (operating systems, programming tools, utilities, applications, and internal software development); computer services (information technology consulting, computer and network systems integration, Web hosting, data processing services, and other services); and communications services (voice and data communications services) and wired and wireless communications equipment.


IndicatorName: Information and communication technology expenditure (% of GDP)


Aggregationmethod: Sum

IndicatorName: Investment in energy with private participation (current US$)

Longdefinition: Investment in energy projects with private participation covers infrastructure projects in energy (electricity and natural gas transmission and distribution) that have reached financial closure and directly or indirectly serve the public. Movable assets and small projects such as windmills are excluded. The types of projects included are operations and management contracts, operations and management contracts with major capital expenditure, greenfield projects (in which a private entity or a public-private joint venture builds and operates a new facility), and divestitures. Investment commitments are the sum of investments in facilities and investments in government assets. Investments in facilities are the resources the project company commits to invest during the contract period either in new facilities or in expansion and modernization of existing facilities. Investments in government assets are the resources the project company spends on acquiring government assets such as state-owned enterprises, rights to provide services in a specific area, or the use of specific radio spectrums. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Source: World Bank, Private Participation in Infrastructure Project Database (http://ppi.worldbank.org).

Topic: Private Sector & Trade: Private infrastructure investment


IndicatorName: Investment in telecoms with private participation (current US$)

Longdefinition: Investment in telecom projects with private participation covers infrastructure projects in telecommunications that have reached financial closure and directly or indirectly serve the public. Movable assets are excluded. The types of projects included are operations and management contracts, operations and management contracts with major capital expenditure, greenfield projects (in which a private entity or a public-private joint venture builds and operates a new facility), and divestitures. Investment commitments are the sum of investments in facilities and investments in government assets. Investments in facilities are the resources the project company commits to invest during the contract period either in new facilities or in expansion and modernization of existing facilities. Investments in government assets are the resources the project company spends on acquiring government assets such as state-owned enterprises, rights to provide services in a specific area, or the use of specific radio spectrums. Data are in current U.S. dollars.


IndicatorName: Investment in transport with private participation (current US$)

Longdefinition: Investment in transport projects with private participation covers infrastructure projects in transport that have reached financial closure and directly or indirectly serve the public. Movable assets are excluded. The types of projects included are operations and management contracts, operations and management contracts with major capital expenditure, greenfield projects (in which a private entity or a public-private joint venture builds and operates a new facility), and divestitures. Investment commitments are the sum of investments in facilities and investments in government assets. Investments in facilities are the resources the project company commits to invest during the contract period either in new facilities or in expansion and modernization of existing facilities. Investments in government assets are the resources the project company spends on acquiring government assets such as state-owned enterprises, rights to provide services in a specific area, or the use of specific radio spectrums. Data are in current U.S. dollars.


IndicatorName: Investment in water and sanitation with private participation (current US$)

Longdefinition: Investment in water and sanitation projects with private participation covers infrastructure projects in water and sanitation that have reached financial closure and directly or indirectly serve the public. Movable assets, incinerators, and standalone solid waste projects are excluded. The types of projects included are operations and management contracts, operations and management contracts with major capital expenditure, greenfield projects (in which a private entity or a public-private joint venture builds and operates a new facility), and divestitures. Investment commitments are the sum of investments in facilities and investments in government assets. Investments in facilities are the resources the project company commits to invest during the contract period either in new facilities or in expansion and modernization of existing facilities. Investments in government assets are the resources the project company spends on acquiring government assets such as state-owned enterprises, rights to provide services in a specific area, or the use of specific radio spectrums. Data are in current U.S. dollars.


Longdefinition: Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences.

Source: National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators.

Topic: Infrastructure: Technology


IndicatorName: Patent applications, nonresidents

Longdefinition: Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

Shortdefinition: Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office.

Source: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), World Intellectual Property Indicators and www.wipo.int/econ_stat. The International Bureau of WIPO assumes no responsibility with respect to the transformation of these data.


IndicatorName: Patent applications, residents


IndicatorName: Trademark applications, direct nonresident

Longdefinition: Trademark applications filed are applications to register a trademark with a national or regional Intellectual Property (IP) office. A trademark is a distinctive sign which identifies certain goods or services as those produced or provided by a specific person or enterprise. A trademark provides protection to the owner of the mark by ensuring the exclusive right to use it to identify goods or services, or to authorize another to use it in return for payment. The period of protection varies, but a trademark can be renewed indefinitely beyond the time limit on payment of additional fees. Direct nonresident trademark applications are those filed by applicants from abroad directly at a given national IP office.

Shortdefinition: Trademark applications filed are applications to register a trademark with a national or regional Intellectual Property (IP) office. Direct nonresident trademark applications are those filed by applicants from abroad directly at a given national IP office.


IndicatorName: Trademark applications, direct resident

Longdefinition: Trademark applications filed are applications to register a trademark with a national or regional Intellectual Property (IP) office. A trademark is a distinctive sign which identifies certain goods or services as those produced or provided by a specific person or enterprise. A trademark provides protection to the owner of the mark by ensuring the exclusive right to use it to identify goods or services, or to authorize another to use it in return for payment. The period of protection varies, but a trademark can be renewed indefinitely beyond the time limit on payment of additional fees. Direct resident trademark applications are those filed by domestic applicants directly at a given national IP office.

Shortdefinition: Trademark applications filed are applications to register a trademark with a national or regional Intellectual Property (IP) office. Direct resident trademark applications are those filed by domestic applicants directly at a given national IP office.


IndicatorName: CPIA business regulatory environment rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Business regulatory environment assesses the extent to which the legal, regulatory, and policy environments help or hinder private businesses in investing, creating jobs, and becoming more productive.

Source: World Bank Group, CPIA database (http://www.worldbank.org/ida).


IndicatorName: CPIA debt policy rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Debt policy assesses whether the debt management strategy is conducive to minimizing budgetary risks and ensuring long-term debt sustainability.


IndicatorName: CPIA economic management cluster average (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: The economic management cluster includes macroeconomic management, fiscal policy, and debt policy.


IndicatorName: CPIA policy and institutions for environmental sustainability rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Policy and institutions for environmental sustainability assess the extent to which environmental policies foster the protection and sustainable use of natural resources and the management of pollution.


IndicatorName: CPIA quality of budgetary and financial management rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Quality of budgetary and financial management assesses the extent to which there is a comprehensive and credible budget linked to policy priorities, effective financial management systems, and timely and accurate accounting and fiscal reporting, including timely and audited public accounts.


IndicatorName: CPIA financial sector rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Financial sector assesses the structure of the financial sector and the policies and regulations that affect it.


IndicatorName: CPIA fiscal policy rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Fiscal policy assesses the short- and medium-term sustainability of fiscal policy (taking into account monetary and exchange rate policy and the sustainability of the public debt) and its impact on growth.


IndicatorName: CPIA gender equality rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Gender equality assesses the extent to which the country has installed institutions and programs to enforce laws and policies that promote equal access for men and women in education, health, the economy, and protection under law.


IndicatorName: CPIA building human resources rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Building human resources assesses the national policies and public and private sector service delivery that affect the access to and quality of health and education services, including prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.


IndicatorName: IDA resource allocation index (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: IDA Resource Allocation Index is obtained by calculating the average score for each cluster and then by averaging those scores. For each of 16 criteria countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high).


IndicatorName: CPIA macroeconomic management rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Macroeconomic management assesses the monetary, exchange rate, and aggregate demand policy framework.


IndicatorName: CPIA quality of public administration rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Quality of public administration assesses the extent to which civilian central government staff is structured to design and implement government policy and deliver services effectively.


IndicatorName: CPIA equity of public resource use rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Equity of public resource use assesses the extent to which the pattern of public expenditures and revenue collection affects the poor and is consistent with national poverty reduction priorities.


IndicatorName: CPIA property rights and rule-based governance rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Property rights and rule-based governance assess the extent to which private economic activity is facilitated by an effective legal system and rule-based governance structure in which property and contract rights are reliably respected and enforced.


IndicatorName: CPIA social protection rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Social protection and labor assess government policies in social protection and labor market regulations that reduce the risk of becoming poor, assist those who are poor to better manage further risks, and ensure a minimal level of welfare to all people.


IndicatorName: CPIA public sector management and institutions cluster average (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition:
The public sector management and institutions cluster includes property rights and rule-based governance, quality of budgetary and financial management, efficiency of revenue mobilization, quality of public administration, and transparency, accountability, and corruption in
the public sector.


IndicatorName: CPIA efficiency of revenue mobilization rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Efficiency of revenue mobilization assesses the overall pattern of revenue mobilization--not only the de facto tax structure, but also revenue from all sources as actually collected.


IndicatorName: CPIA policies for social inclusion/equity cluster average (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: The policies for social inclusion and equity cluster includes gender equality, equity of public resource use, building human resources, social protection and labor, and policies and institutions for environmental sustainability.


IndicatorName: CPIA structural policies cluster average (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: The structural policies cluster includes trade, financial sector, and business regulatory environment.


IndicatorName: CPIA trade rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Trade assesses how the policy framework fosters trade in goods.


IndicatorName: CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high)

Longdefinition: Transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector assess the extent to which the executive can be held accountable for its use of funds and for the results of its actions by the electorate and by the legislature and judiciary, and the extent to which public employees within the executive are required to account for administrative decisions, use of resources, and results obtained. The three main dimensions assessed here are the accountability of the executive to oversight institutions and of public employees for their performance, access of civil society to information on public affairs, and state capture by narrow vested interests.


IndicatorName: Air transport, registered carrier departures worldwide

Longdefinition: Registered carrier departures worldwide are domestic takeoffs and takeoffs abroad of air carriers registered in the country.

Source: International Civil Aviation Organization, Civil Aviation Statistics of the World and ICAO staff estimates.

Topic: Infrastructure: Transportation


IndicatorName: Air transport, freight (million ton-km)

Longdefinition: Air freight is the volume of freight, express, and diplomatic bags carried on each flight stage (operation of an aircraft from takeoff to its next landing), measured in metric tons times kilometers traveled.


IndicatorName: Air transport, passengers carried

Longdefinition: Air passengers carried include both domestic and international aircraft passengers of air carriers registered in the country.