Developmentrelevance:
Reproductive health is a state of physical and mental well-being in relation to the reproductive system and its functions and processes. Means of achieving reproductive health include education and services during pregnancy and childbirth, safe and effective contraception, and prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death and disability among women of reproductive age in developing countries.

The share of births attended by skilled health staff is an indicator of a health system's ability to provide adequate care for pregnant women.

IndicatorName: Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)

Longdefinition: Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns.

Generalcomments:
Assistance by trained professionals during birth reduces the incidence of maternal deaths during childbirth. The share of births attended by skilled health staff is an indicator of a health system’s ability to provide adequate care for pregnant women.

This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.1.2[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


Limitationsandexceptions: For the indicators that are from household surveys, the year refers to the survey year. For more information, consult the original sources.

Periodicity: Annual

Source: UNICEF, State of the World's Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys.

Topic: Health: Reproductive health

Aggregationmethod: Weighted average

License_Type: CC BY-4.0

name: Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)

value: World Development Indicators

sourceNote: Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns.

value: Health

value: Gender


sourceOrganization: UNICEF, State of the World's Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


Low-birthweight babies (% of births)

Developmentrelevance:
Low birth-weight, which is associated with maternal malnutrition, raises the risk of infant mortality and stunts growth in infancy and childhood. There is also emerging evidence that low-birth-weight babies are more prone to non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Low birth-weight can arise as a result of a baby being born too soon or too small for gestational age. Babies born prematurely, who are also small for their gestational age, have the worst prognosis.

In low- and middle-income countries low birth-weight stems primarily from poor maternal health and nutrition. Three factors have the most impact: poor maternal nutritional status before conception, mother's short stature (due mostly to under-nutrition and infections during childhood), and poor nutrition during pregnancy (UNICEF Data, https://data.unicef.org/).

IndicatorName: Low-birthweight babies (% of births)

Longdefinition: Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing less than 2,500 grams, with the measurement taken within the first hour of life, before significant postnatal weight loss has occurred.

Source: UNICEF-WHO Low birthweight estimates [data.unicef.org]

Topic: Health: Nutrition


sourceNote: Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing less than 2,500 grams, with the measurement taken within the first hour of life, before significant postnatal weight loss has occurred.

sourceOrganization: UNICEF-WHO Low birthweight estimates [data.unicef.org]


Developmentrelevance: Diabetes, an important cause of ill health and a risk factor for other diseases in developed countries, is spreading rapidly in developing countries. Highest among the elderly, prevalence rates are rising among younger and productive populations in developing countries. Economic development has led to the spread of Western lifestyles and diet to developing countries, resulting in a substantial increase in diabetes. Without effective prevention and control programs, diabetes will likely continue to increase.

IndicatorName: Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

Limitationsandexceptions: The limited availability of data on health status is a major constraint in assessing the health situation in developing countries. Surveillance data are lacking for many major public health concerns. Estimates of prevalence and incidence are available for some diseases but are often unreliable and incomplete. National health authorities differ widely in capacity and willingness to collect or report information.

Longdefinition: Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20-79 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is calculated by adjusting to a standard population age-structure.

Source: International Diabetes Federation, Diabetes Atlas.

Topic: Health: Risk factors


name: Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

sourceNote: Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20-79 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is calculated by adjusting to a standard population age-structure.

sourceOrganization: International Diabetes Federation, Diabetes Atlas.


IndicatorName: Female genital mutilation prevalence (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of women aged 15–49 who have gone through partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons.

Source: UNICEF DATA (http://www.data.unicef.org/);  Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS); Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and other surveys.

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 5.3.2[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Female genital mutilation prevalence (%)

sourceNote: Percentage of women aged 15–49 who have gone through partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons.

sourceOrganization: UNICEF DATA (http://www.data.unicef.org/);  Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS); Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and other surveys.


Developmentrelevance: Hygiene is closely correlated with human health.   Target 6.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals recognizes that access to facilities allowing good hygiene and sanitation should be universal, and especially important to women and girls, and those in vulnerable situations.   Of the range of hygiene behaviors considered important for health, hand washing with soap and water is a top priority in all settings, and is considered one of the most cost-effective interventions to prevent diarrheal diseases. The availability of a basic handwashing facility is a prerequisite for basic hygiene facilities on premises,  and is a useful proxy for hygienic behavior.

IndicatorName: People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water, rural (% of rural population)

Limitationsandexceptions: Presence of a handwashing station with soap and water does not guarantee that household members consistently wash hands at key times, but is accepted as the most suitable proxy.  Data on handwashing facilities are available for a growing number of low- and middle-income countries after hygiene questions were standardized in international surveys. However, this type of information is not available from most high-income countries, where access to basic handwashing facilities is assumed to be nearly universal.

Longdefinition: The percentage of people living in households that have a handwashing facility with soap and water available on the premises. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents.

Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (washdata.org).

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Data on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are produced by the Joint Monitoring Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) based on administrative sources, national censuses and nationally representative household surveys.  WHO/UNICEF defines a basic handwashing facility as a device to contain, transport or regulate the flow of water to facilitate handwashing with soap and water in the household.

Topic: Health: Disease prevention

Generalcomments: This is a disaggregated indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 6.2.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

value: Environment


name: People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water, rural (% of rural population)

sourceNote: The percentage of people living in households that have a handwashing facility with soap and water available on the premises. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents.

sourceOrganization: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (washdata.org).


IndicatorName: People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water, urban (% of urban population)


name: People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water, urban (% of urban population)


IndicatorName: People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water (% of population)

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 6.2.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water (% of population)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of underweight, weight for age, female (% of children under 5)

Limitationsandexceptions: Survey estimates come with levels of uncertainty due to both sampling error and non-sampling error (e.g., measurement technical error, recording error etc.,). None of the two sources of errors have been fully taken into account for deriving estimates neither at country nor at regional or worldwide levels.

Longdefinition: Prevalence of underweight, female, is the percentage of girls under age 5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank: Joint child Malnutrition Estimates (JME). Aggregation is based on UNICEF, WHO, and the World Bank harmonized dataset (adjusted, comparable data) and methodology.

Generalcomments: Undernourished children have lower resistance to infection and are more likely to die from common childhood ailments such as diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections. Frequent illness saps the nutritional status of those who survive, locking them into a vicious cycle of recurring sickness and faltering growth (UNICEF). Estimates are from national survey data. Being even mildly underweight increases the risk of death and inhibits cognitive development in children. And it perpetuates the problem across generations, as malnourished women are more likely to have low-birth-weight babies. Stunting, or being below median height for age, is often used as a proxy for multifaceted deprivation and as an indicator of long-term changes in malnutrition.

DataQuality: UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank undertake a joint review for each potential primary data source included in the joint database. The group conducts a review when (at minimum) a final report with full methodological details and results are available, as well as (ideally) a data quality assessment flagging potential limitation. When the raw data are available, they are analysed using the Anthro Survey Analyzer software to produce a standard set of results and data quality outputs against which the review is conducted. Comments are documented in a standard review template extracting methodological details (e.g., sampling procedures, description of anthropometrical equipment), data quality outputs (e.g., weight and height distributions, percentage of cases that were flagged as implausible according to the WHO Child Growth Standards) and the malnutrition prevalence estimates from the data source under review generated based on the standard recommended methodology. These estimates are compared against the reported values, as well as against those from other data sources already included in the JME dataset, to assess the plausibility of the trend before including the new point. Reports that are preliminary, or that lack key details on methodology or results, cannot be reviewed and are left pending until full information is available.

Derivationmethod: Survey estimates are based on standardized methodology using the WHO Child Growth Standards as described in Recommendations for data collection, analysis and reporting on anthropometric indicators in children under 5 years old and WHO Anthro Survey Analyser.

Otherweblinks:
Recommendations for data collection, analysis and reporting on anthropometric indicators in children under 5 years old. Geneva: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
https://data.unicef.org/resources/data-collection-analysis-reporting-on-anthropometric-indicators-in-children-under-5/
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241515559

WHO Anthro Survey Analyzer - https://www.who.int/tools/child-growth-standards/software


name: Prevalence of underweight, weight for age, female (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of underweight, female, is the percentage of girls under age 5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

sourceOrganization: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank: Joint child Malnutrition Estimates (JME). Aggregation is based on UNICEF, WHO, and the World Bank harmonized dataset (adjusted, comparable data) and methodology.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of underweight, weight for age, male (% of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of underweight, male, is the percentage of boys under age 5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: Prevalence of underweight, weight for age, male (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of underweight, male, is the percentage of boys under age 5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of underweight children is the percentage of children under age 5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

Aggregationmethod: Linear mixed-effect model estimates

value: Climate Change


name: Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of underweight children is the percentage of children under age 5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.


IndicatorName: Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)

Limitationsandexceptions: The methodology differs from that used for previous estimates, so data should not be compared historically. Maternal mortality ratios are generally of unknown reliability, as are many other cause-specific mortality indicators. The ratios cannot be assumed to provide an exact estimate of maternal mortality.

Longdefinition: Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination per 100,000 live births. The data are estimated with a regression model using information on the proportion of maternal deaths among non-AIDS deaths in women ages 15-49, fertility, birth attendants, and GDP measured using purchasing power parities (PPPs).

Source: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division. Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2020. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2023

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Reproductive health is a state of physical and mental well-being in relation to the reproductive system and its functions and processes. Means of achieving reproductive health include education and services during pregnancy and childbirth, safe and effective contraception, and prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death and disability among women of reproductive age in developing countries.

Maternal mortality is generally of unknown reliability, as are many other cause-specific mortality indicators. Household surveys such as Demographic and Health Surveys attempt to measure maternal mortality by asking respondents about survivorship of sisters. The main disadvantage of this method is that the estimates of maternal mortality that it produces pertain to any time within the past few years before the survey, making them unsuitable for monitoring recent changes or observing the impact of interventions. In addition, measurement of maternal mortality is subject to many types of errors. Even in high-income countries with reliable vital registration systems, misclassification of maternal deaths has been found to lead to serious underestimation.

The estimates are based on an exercise by the Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG) which consists of World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), World Bank, and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and include country-level time series data. For countries without complete registration data but with other types of data and for countries with no data, maternal mortality is estimated with a regression model using available national maternal mortality data and socioeconomic information.

Generalcomments: This indicator represents the risk associated with each pregnancy and is also a Sustainable Development Goal Indicator (3.1.1) for monitoring maternal health.

Notesfromoriginalsource: Estimates of maternal mortality are presented along with upper and lower  limits of intervals (see footnote) designed to depict the uncertainty of estimates. The intervals are the product of a detailed probabilistic evaluation of the uncertainty attributable to the various components of the estimation process. For estimates derived from the multilevel regression model, the components of uncertainty were divided into two groups: those reflected within the regression model (internal sources), and those due to assumptions or calculations that occur outside the model (external sources). Estimates of the total uncertainty reflect a combination of these various sources.

value: Aid Effectiveness


name: Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)

sourceNote: Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination per 100,000 live births. The data are estimated with a regression model using information on the proportion of maternal deaths among non-AIDS deaths in women ages 15-49, fertility, birth attendants, and GDP measured using purchasing power parities (PPPs).

sourceOrganization: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division. Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2020. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2023


IndicatorName: Maternal mortality ratio (national estimate, per 100,000 live births)

Limitationsandexceptions: Maternal mortality ratios are generally of unknown reliability, as are many other cause-specific mortality indicators. The ratios cannot be assumed to provide an exact estimate of maternal mortality. Some of the figures shown were adjusted by the Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG) to enhance reliability, so that they may differ from the published figures from sources such as household surveys.

Longdefinition: Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination per 100,000 live births.

Source: The country data compiled, adjusted and used in the estimation model by the Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG). The country data were compiled from the following sources:  civil registration and vital statistics; specialized studies on maternal mortality; population based surveys and censuses; other available data sources including data from surveillance sites.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Reproductive health is a state of physical and mental well-being in relation to the reproductive system and its functions and processes. Means of achieving reproductive health include education and services during pregnancy and childbirth, safe and effective contraception, and prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death and disability among women of reproductive age in developing countries.

Maternal mortality ratios are generally of unknown reliability, as are many other cause-specific mortality indicators. Household surveys such as Demographic and Health Surveys attempt to measure maternal mortality by asking respondents about survivorship of sisters. The main disadvantage of this method is that the estimates of maternal mortality that it produces pertain to any time within the past few years before the survey, making them unsuitable for monitoring recent changes or observing the impact of interventions. In addition, measurement of maternal mortality is subject to many types of errors. Even in high-income countries with reliable vital registration systems, misclassification of maternal deaths has been found to lead to serious underestimation.

The national estimates of maternal mortality ratios are based on national surveys, vital registration records, and surveillance data or are derived from community and hospital records.


name: Maternal mortality ratio (national estimate, per 100,000 live births)

sourceNote: Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination per 100,000 live births.

sourceOrganization: The country data compiled, adjusted and used in the estimation model by the Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG). The country data were compiled from the following sources:  civil registration and vital statistics; specialized studies on maternal mortality; population based surveys and censuses; other available data sources including data from surveillance sites.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: People practicing open defecation, rural (% of rural population)

Longdefinition: People practicing open defecation refers to the percentage of the population defecating in the open, such as in fields, forest, bushes, open bodies of water, on beaches, in other open spaces or disposed of with solid waste.


name: People practicing open defecation, rural (% of rural population)

sourceNote: People practicing open defecation refers to the percentage of the population defecating in the open, such as in fields, forest, bushes, open bodies of water, on beaches, in other open spaces or disposed of with solid waste.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: People practicing open defecation, urban (% of urban population)


name: People practicing open defecation, urban (% of urban population)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: People practicing open defecation (% of population)


name: People practicing open defecation (% of population)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


Developmentrelevance: Most diarrhea-related deaths are due to dehydration, and many of these deaths can be prevented with the use of oral rehydration salts at home.

IndicatorName: Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding)

Limitationsandexceptions: Recommendations for the use of oral rehydration therapy have changed over time based on scientific progress, so it is difficult to accurately compare use rates across countries. Until the current recommended method for home management of diarrhea is adopted and applied in all countries, the data should be used with caution. Also, the prevalence of diarrhea may vary by season. Since country surveys are administered at different times, data comparability is further affected.

Longdefinition: Children with diarrhea who received oral rehydration and continued feeding refer to the percentage of children under age five with diarrhea in the two weeks prior to the survey who received either oral rehydration therapy or increased fluids, with continued feeding.


name: Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding)

sourceNote: Children with diarrhea who received oral rehydration and continued feeding refer to the percentage of children under age five with diarrhea in the two weeks prior to the survey who received either oral rehydration therapy or increased fluids, with continued feeding.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS packet)

Longdefinition: Percentage of children under age 5 with diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey who received oral rehydration salts (ORS packets or pre-packaged ORS fluids).


name: Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS packet)

sourceNote: Percentage of children under age 5 with diarrhea in the two weeks preceding the survey who received oral rehydration salts (ORS packets or pre-packaged ORS fluids).


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of overweight, weight for height, female (% of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of overweight, female, is the percentage of girls under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations above the median for the international reference population of the corresponding age as established by the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

Generalcomments: Estimates of overweight children are from national survey data. Once considered only a high-income economy problem, overweight children have become a growing concern in developing countries. Research shows an association between childhood obesity and a high prevalence of diabetes, respiratory disease, high blood pressure, and psychosocial and orthopedic disorders (de Onis and Blössner 2003). Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of obesity, premature death, and disability in adulthood. In addition to increased future risks, obese children experience breathing difficulties and increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and psychological effects. Children in low- and middle-income countries are more vulnerable to inadequate nutrition before birth and in infancy and early childhood. Many of these children are exposed to high-fat, high-sugar, high-salt, calorie-dense, micronutrient-poor foods, which tend be lower in cost than more nutritious foods. These dietary patterns, in conjunction with low levels of physical activity, result in sharp increases in childhood obesity, while under-nutrition continues.


name: Prevalence of overweight, weight for height, female (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of overweight, female, is the percentage of girls under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations above the median for the international reference population of the corresponding age as established by the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of overweight, weight for height, male (% of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of overweight, male, is the percentage of boys under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations above the median for the international reference population of the corresponding age as established by the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.


name: Prevalence of overweight, weight for height, male (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of overweight, male, is the percentage of boys under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations above the median for the international reference population of the corresponding age as established by the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.


IndicatorName: Prevalence of overweight (modeled estimate, % of children under 5)

Limitationsandexceptions: Survey estimates come with levels of uncertainty due to both sampling error and non-sampling error (e.g., measurement technical error, recording error etc.,). The JME global estimates for overweight take into account estimates of sampling error around survey estimates. While non-sampling error cannot be accounted for or reviewed in full, when available, a data quality review of weight, height and age measurements from household surveys supports compilation of a time series that is comparable across countries and over time.

Longdefinition: Prevalence of overweight children is the percentage of children under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations above the median for the international reference population of the corresponding age as established by the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

Periodicity: Every two years

Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank: Joint child Malnutrition Estimates (JME).

Generalcomments:
Once considered only a high-income economy problem, overweight children have become a growing concern in developing countries. Research shows an association between childhood obesity and a high prevalence of diabetes, respiratory disease, high blood pressure, and psychosocial and orthopedic disorders (de Onis and Blössner 2003). Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of obesity, premature death, and disability in adulthood. In addition to increased future risks, obese children experience breathing difficulties and increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and psychological effects. Children in low- and middle-income countries are more vulnerable to inadequate nutrition before birth and in infancy and early childhood. Many of these children are exposed to high-fat, high-sugar, high-salt, calorie-dense, micronutrient-poor foods, which tend be lower in cost than more nutritious foods. These dietary patterns, in conjunction with low levels of physical activity, result in sharp increases in childhood obesity, while under-nutrition continues.

Estimates are modeled estimates produced by the JME. Primary data sources of the anthropometric measurements are national surveys. These surveys are administered sporadically, resulting in sparse data for many countries. Furthermore, the trend of the indicators over time is usually not a straight line and varies by country. Tracking the current level and progress of indicators helps determine if countries are on track to meet certain thresholds, such as those indicated in the SDGs. Thus the JME developed statistical models and produced the modeled estimates.

DataQuality: UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank undertake a joint review for each potential primary data source used as to generate the JME global estimates. The group conducts a review when (at minimum) a final report with full methodological details and results are available, as well as (ideally) a data quality assessment flagging potential limitations. When the raw data are available, they are analysed using the Anthro Survey Analyzer software to produce a standard set of results and data quality outputs against which the review is conducted. Comments are documented in a standard review template extracting methodological details (e.g., sampling procedures, description of anthropometrical equipment), data quality outputs (e.g., weight and height distributions, percentage of cases that were flagged as implausible according to the WHO Child Growth Standards) and the malnutrition prevalence estimates from the data source under review generated based on the standard recommended methodology. These estimates are compared against the reported values, as well as against those from other data sources already included in the JME dataset, to assess the plausibility of the trend before including the new point. Reports that are preliminary, or that lack key details on methodology or results, cannot be reviewed and are left pending until full information is available. The methods used to generate the JME global estimates for stunting and overweight were cross validated to ensure estimates produced by the method are closely aligned to national data points.

Derivationmethod:
National estimates from primary sources (e.g., from household surveys) used to generate the JME global estimates are based on standardized methodology using the WHO Child Growth Standards as described in Recommendations for data collection, analysis and reporting on anthropometric indicators in children under 5 years old and WHO Anthro Survey Analyser (WHO, 2019). The JME global estimates are generated using smoothing techniques and covariates applied to quality-assured national data to derive trends and up-to-date estimates. Worldwide and regional estimates are derived as the respective country averages weighted by the countries’ under-five population estimates (UNPD-WPP latest available edition) using annual JME global estimates for 205
Countries and areas.

Otherweblinks:
McLain AC, Frongillo EA, Feng J, Borghi E. Prediction intervals for penalized longitudinal models with multisource summary measures: An application to childhood malnutrition. Stat Med. 2019 Mar 15;38(6):1002-1012. doi: 10.1002/sim.8024. Epub 2018 Nov 14. PMID: 30430613.

Recommendations for data collection, analysis and reporting on anthropometric indicators in children under 5 years old. Geneva: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
https://data.unicef.org/resources/data-collection-analysis-reporting-on-anthropometric-indicators-in-children-under-5/
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241515559

WHO Anthro Survey Analyzer - https://www.who.int/tools/child-growth-standards/software

name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: Prevalence of overweight (modeled estimate, % of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of overweight children is the percentage of children under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations above the median for the international reference population of the corresponding age as established by the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

sourceOrganization: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank: Joint child Malnutrition Estimates (JME).


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of overweight, weight for height (% of children under 5)

Aggregationmethod: See SH.STA.OWGH.ME.ZS for aggregation


name: Prevalence of overweight, weight for height (% of children under 5)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


Developmentrelevance: Mortality rates due to unintentional poisoning remains relatively high in low income countries.  This indicator implicates inadequate management of hazardous chemicals and pollution, and of the effectiveness of a country’s health system.

IndicatorName: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning (per 100,000 population)

Limitationsandexceptions: Some countries do not have death registration data or sample registration systems.  The estimates on this indicator need to be completed with other type of information for these countries.

Longdefinition:
Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings is the number of deaths from unintentional poisonings in a year per 100,000 population.  Unintentional poisoning can
be caused by household chemicals, pesticides, kerosene, carbon monoxide and medicines, or can be the result of environmental contamination or occupational chemical exposure.

Source: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).

Topic: Health: Mortality

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.9.3[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning (per 100,000 population)

sourceNote:
Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings is the number of deaths from unintentional poisonings in a year per 100,000 population.  Unintentional poisoning can
be caused by household chemicals, pesticides, kerosene, carbon monoxide and medicines, or can be the result of environmental contamination or occupational chemical exposure.

sourceOrganization: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning, female (per 100,000 female population)

Longdefinition: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings is the number of female deaths from unintentional poisonings in a year per 100,000 female population.  Unintentional poisoning can be caused by household chemicals, pesticides, kerosene, carbon monoxide and medicines, or can be the result of environmental contamination or occupational chemical exposure.

Generalcomments: This is a sex-disaggregated indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 3.9.3[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning, female (per 100,000 female population)

sourceNote: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings is the number of female deaths from unintentional poisonings in a year per 100,000 female population.  Unintentional poisoning can be caused by household chemicals, pesticides, kerosene, carbon monoxide and medicines, or can be the result of environmental contamination or occupational chemical exposure.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning, male (per 100,000 male population)

Longdefinition:
Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings is the number of male deaths from unintentional poisonings in a year per 100,000 male population. Unintentional poisoning can
be caused by household chemicals, pesticides, kerosene, carbon monoxide and medicines, or can be the result of environmental contamination or occupational chemical exposure.


name: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning, male (per 100,000 male population)

sourceNote:
Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings is the number of male deaths from unintentional poisonings in a year per 100,000 male population. Unintentional poisoning can
be caused by household chemicals, pesticides, kerosene, carbon monoxide and medicines, or can be the result of environmental contamination or occupational chemical exposure.


Developmentrelevance:
Sanitation is fundamental to human development. Many international organizations use hygienic sanitation facilities as a measure for progress in the fight against poverty, disease, and death. Access to proper sanitation is also considered to be a human right, not a privilege, for every man, woman, and child.

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on people's health. Basic and safely managed sanitation services can reduce diarrheal disease, and can significantly lessen the adverse health impacts of other disorders responsible for death and disease among millions of children. Diarrhea and worm infections weaken children and make them more susceptible to malnutrition and opportunistic infections like pneumonia, measles and malaria.

The combined effects of inadequate sanitation, unsafe water supply and poor personal hygiene are responsible for many of childhood deaths. Every year, the failure to tackle these deficits results in severe welfare losses - wasted time, reduced productivity, ill health, impaired learning, environmental degradation and lost opportunities. Fundamental behavior changes are required before the use of improved facilities and services can be integrated into daily life. Many hygiene behaviors and habits are formed in childhood and, therefore, school health and hygiene education programs are an important part of water and sanitation improvements.

Most basic sanitation technologies are not expensive to implement. However, those facing the problems of inadequate sanitation may not be aware of either the origin of their ills, or the true costs of poor sanitation and hygiene. As a result, in most of the developing countries those without sanitation are hard to convince of the need to invest scarce resources in sanitation facilities, or of the critical importance of changing long-held habits and unhygienic behaviors. Consequently, the people's representatives - governments and elected political leaders - rarely give sanitation or hygiene improvements the priority that is needed in order to tackle the massive sanitation deficit faced by the developing world.

Children bear the brunt of sanitation-related impacts - their health, nutrition, growth, education, self-respect, and life opportunities suffer as a result of inadequate sanitation. Without improved sanitation, many of the current generation of children in developing countries are unlikely to develop to their full potential. Countries that don't take urgent action to redress sanitation deficiencies will find their future development and prosperity impaired.

IndicatorName: People using safely managed sanitation services, rural (% of rural population)

Limitationsandexceptions: There are three main ways to meet the criteria for having a safely managed sanitation service (People should use improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households, and the excreta produced should either be: treated and disposed of in situ; stored temporality and then emptied, transported and treated off-site, or transported through a sewer with wastewater and then treated off-site).  Many countries lack information on either wastewater treatment or the management of on-site sanitation. A national estimate is produced if information is available for the dominant type of sanitation system.  If no information is available, it is assumed that 50 percent is safely managed.  Regional and income group estimates are made when data are available for at least 30 percent of the population.

Longdefinition: The percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, compositing toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Data on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are produced by the Joint Monitoring Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) based on administrative sources, national censuses and nationally representative household surveys.  WHO/UNICEF defines safely managed sanitation facilities as improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite.  Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, compositing toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

Generalcomments:
Aggregate data by groups are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene.

This is a disaggregated indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 6.2.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: People using safely managed sanitation services, rural (% of rural population)

sourceNote: The percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, compositing toilets or pit latrines with slabs.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: People using safely managed sanitation services, urban (% of urban population)


name: People using safely managed sanitation services, urban (% of urban population)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

Generalcomments:
Aggregate data by groups are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene.

This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 6.2.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of stunting, height for age, female (% of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of stunting, female, is the percentage of girls under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.


name: Prevalence of stunting, height for age, female (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of stunting, female, is the percentage of girls under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of stunting, height for age, male (% of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of stunting, male, is the percentage of boys under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.


name: Prevalence of stunting, height for age, male (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of stunting, male, is the percentage of boys under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.


IndicatorName: Prevalence of stunting, height for age (modeled estimate, % of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of stunting is the percentage of children under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.

Generalcomments:
Undernourished children have lower resistance to infection and are more likely to die from common childhood ailments such as diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections. Frequent illness saps the nutritional status of those who survive, locking them into a vicious cycle of recurring sickness and faltering growth (UNICEF). Being even mildly underweight increases the risk of death and inhibits cognitive development in children. And it perpetuates the problem across generations, as malnourished women are more likely to have low-birth-weight babies. Stunting, or being below median height for age, is often used as a proxy for multifaceted deprivation and as an indicator of long-term changes in malnutrition.

Estimates are modeled estimates produced by the JME. Primary data sources of the anthropometric measurements are national surveys. These surveys are administered sporadically, resulting in sparse data for many countries. Furthermore, the trend of the indicators over time is usually not a straight line and varies by country. Tracking the current level and progress of indicators helps determine if countries are on track to meet certain thresholds, such as those indicated in the SDGs. Thus the JME developed statistical models and produced the modeled estimates.


name: Prevalence of stunting, height for age (modeled estimate, % of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of stunting is the percentage of children under age 5 whose height for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The data are based on the WHO's 2006 Child Growth Standards.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)

Aggregationmethod: See SH.STA.STNT.ME.ZS for aggregation


name: Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Suicide mortality rate, female (per 100,000 female population)

Longdefinition: Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population. Crude suicide rate (not age-adjusted).

Generalcomments: This is a sex-disaggregated indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 3.4.2[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Suicide mortality rate, female (per 100,000 female population)

sourceNote: Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population. Crude suicide rate (not age-adjusted).


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Suicide mortality rate, male (per 100,000 male population)


name: Suicide mortality rate, male (per 100,000 male population)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.4.2[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)


Developmentrelevance: Road traffic injuries and deaths is a major global public health problem. Road traffic crashes are currently the leading cause of death for children and young adults in the world.  There is a strong association between the risk of road traffic death and the income level of countries.  The burden of road traffic deaths is disproportionately high among low- and middle-income countries.

IndicatorName: Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

Longdefinition: Mortality caused by road traffic injury is estimated road traffic fatal injury deaths per 100,000 population.

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.6.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

value: Urban Development


name: Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

sourceNote: Mortality caused by road traffic injury is estimated road traffic fatal injury deaths per 100,000 population.


Developmentrelevance: Unsafe drinking water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene are important causes of death.  Most diarrheal deaths in the world are caused by unsafe water, sanitation or hygiene.  According to the World Health Organization, in addition to diarrea, the following diseases could be prevented if adequate WASH services are provided: malnutrition, intestinal nematode infections, lymphatic filariasis, trachoma, schistosomiasis and malaria.

IndicatorName: Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (per 100,000 population)

Longdefinition: Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene is deaths attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene focusing on inadequate WASH services per 100,000 population. Death rates are calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the total population. In this estimate, only the impact of diarrhoeal diseases, intestinal nematode infections, and protein-energy malnutrition are taken into account.

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.9.2[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (per 100,000 population)

sourceNote: Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene is deaths attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene focusing on inadequate WASH services per 100,000 population. Death rates are calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the total population. In this estimate, only the impact of diarrhoeal diseases, intestinal nematode infections, and protein-energy malnutrition are taken into account.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of wasting, weight for height, female (% of children under 5)

Limitationsandexceptions: Survey estimates come with levels of uncertainty due to both sampling error and non-sampling error (e.g., measurement technical error, recording error etc.,). None of the two sources of errors have been fully taken into account for deriving estimates neither at country nor at regional or worldwide levels. Surveys are carried out in a specific period of the year, usually over a few months. However, this indicator can be affected by seasonality, factors related to food availability (e.g., pre-harvest periods), disease (e.g.,rainy season and diarrhoea, malaria, etc.), and natural disasters and conflicts. Hence, country-year estimates may not necessarily be comparable over time. Consequently, only latest estimates are provided.

Longdefinition: Prevalence of wasting, female, is the proportion of girls under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


name: Prevalence of wasting, weight for height, female (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of wasting, female, is the proportion of girls under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of wasting, weight for height, male (% of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of wasting, male, is the proportion of boys under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


name: Prevalence of wasting, weight for height, male (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of wasting, male, is the proportion of boys under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of wasting, weight for height (% of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of wasting is the proportion of children under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


name: Prevalence of wasting, weight for height (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of wasting is the proportion of children under age 5 whose weight for height is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of severe wasting, weight for height, female (% of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of severe wasting, female, is the proportion of girls under age 5 whose weight for height is more than three standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


name: Prevalence of severe wasting, weight for height, female (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of severe wasting, female, is the proportion of girls under age 5 whose weight for height is more than three standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


IndicatorName: Prevalence of severe wasting, weight for height, male (% of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of severe wasting, male, is the proportion of boys under age 5 whose weight for height is more than three standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


name: Prevalence of severe wasting, weight for height, male (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of severe wasting, male, is the proportion of boys under age 5 whose weight for height is more than three standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of severe wasting, weight for height (% of children under 5)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of severe wasting is the proportion of children under age 5 whose weight for height is more than three standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


name: Prevalence of severe wasting, weight for height (% of children under 5)

sourceNote: Prevalence of severe wasting is the proportion of children under age 5 whose weight for height is more than three standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months.


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Tuberculosis treatment success rate (% of new cases)

Longdefinition: Tuberculosis treatment success rate is the percentage of all new tuberculosis cases (or new and relapse cases for some countries) registered under a national tuberculosis control programme in a given year that successfully completed treatment, with or without bacteriological evidence of success ("cured" and "treatment completed" respectively).

Source: World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Report.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Tuberculosis is one of the main causes of adult deaths from a single infectious agent in developing countries. Data on the success rate of tuberculosis treatment are provided for countries that have submitted data to the WHO. The treatment success rate for tuberculosis provides a useful indicator of the quality of health services. A low rate suggests that infectious patients may not be receiving adequate treatment. An important complement to the tuberculosis treatment success rate is the case detection rate, which indicates whether there is adequate coverage by the recommended case detection and treatment strategy.

Generalcomments: Aggregate data by groups are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the World Health Organization.


name: Tuberculosis treatment success rate (% of new cases)

sourceNote: Tuberculosis treatment success rate is the percentage of all new tuberculosis cases (or new and relapse cases for some countries) registered under a national tuberculosis control programme in a given year that successfully completed treatment, with or without bacteriological evidence of success ("cured" and "treatment completed" respectively).

sourceOrganization: World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Report.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Tuberculosis case detection rate (%, all forms)

Longdefinition: Tuberculosis case detection rate (all forms) is the number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases notified to WHO in a given year, divided by WHO's estimate of the number of incident tuberculosis cases for the same year, expressed as a percentage. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Tuberculosis is one of the main causes of adult deaths from a single infectious agent in developing countries. This indicator shows the tuberculosis detection rate for all detection methods. Editions before 2010 included the tuberculosis detection rates by DOTS, the internationally recommended strategy for tuberculosis control. Thus data on the case detection rate from 2010 onward cannot be compared with data in previous editions.

Notesfromoriginalsource: Estimates are presented with uncertainty intervals (see footnote). When ranges are presented, the lower and higher numbers correspond to the 2.5th and 97.5th centiles of the outcome distributions (generally produced by simulations). For more detailed information, see the original source.


name: Tuberculosis case detection rate (%, all forms)

sourceNote: Tuberculosis case detection rate (all forms) is the number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases notified to WHO in a given year, divided by WHO's estimate of the number of incident tuberculosis cases for the same year, expressed as a percentage. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

Limitationsandexceptions:
The limited availability of data on health status is a major constraint in assessing the health situation in developing countries. Surveillance data are lacking for many major public health concerns. Estimates of prevalence and incidence are available for some diseases but are often unreliable and incomplete. National health authorities differ widely in capacity and willingness to collect or report information. To compensate for this and improve reliability and international comparability, the World Health Organization (WHO) prepares estimates in accordance with epidemiological models and statistical standards.

Uncertainty bounds for the incidence are available at http://data.worldbank.org

Longdefinition: Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, including cases in people living with HIV. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Tuberculosis is one of the main causes of adult deaths from a single infectious agent in developing countries. In developed countries tuberculosis has reemerged largely as a result of cases among immigrants. Since tuberculosis incidence cannot be directly measured, estimates are obtained by eliciting expert opinion or are derived from measurements of prevalence or mortality.

Generalcomments:
Aggregate data by groups are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the World Health Organization.

This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.3.2[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

sourceNote: Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, including cases in people living with HIV. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


Developmentrelevance: Financial protection in health is one of two dimensions of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) which is defined as all people being able to access the health services they need without facing financial hardship. As Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator 3.8.2, financial protection forms part of SDG Target 3.8 (UHC) and directly relates to SDG 3 (Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages) and SDG 1 (End poverty in all its forms everywhere). As a component of UHC, it is key to improving the well-being of a country’s population, an investment in human capital and a foundational driver of inclusive and sustainable economic growth and development.

IndicatorName: Proportion of population pushed further below the $2.15 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Longdefinition: This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the $2.15 poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

Source: Global Health Observatory. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/financial-protection)

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Out-of-pocket payments are those made by people at the time of getting any type of service (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, palliative or long-term care) provided by any type of provider. They include cost-sharing (the part not covered by a third party like an insurer) and informal payments, but they exclude insurance premiums. Out-of-pocket payments exclude any reimbursement by a third party, such as the government, a health insurance fund or a private insurance company. Out-of-pocket payments are defined as catastrophic at the 10% (25%) threshold when they represent 10% (25%) or more of household total consumption or income. They are defined as impoverishing if they push household consumption or income below the $2.15 or $3.65 ($ 2017 PPP) per day poverty lines or the relative poverty line of 60% of median consumption, or if they are incurred by households already living under the $2.15 or $3.65 ($ 2017 PPP) per day poverty lines or the relative poverty line of 60% of median consumption.

Topic: Health: Universal Health Coverage

Shortdefinition: Further impoverishing health spending, 2.15$ (%)

Generalcomments: This indicator is related to Sustainable Development Goal 3.8.2 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

Notesfromoriginalsource:
1. The “Pushed further below the poverty line by out-of-pocket health payments” indicators were newly introduced in the 2021 edition of the Global Monitoring Report on Financial Protection in Health (GMR). They represent the number and population shares of people who live in households which have both (a) total consumption (including out-of-pocket health payments) beneath the poverty line and (b) any out-of-pocket payments. Because the households are already poor, any out-of-pocket payments are considered financial hardship. The new indicators replace the “Change in poverty-gap due to out-of-pocket health payments”-indicators used to measure the poverty deepening effect of out-of-pocket payments in previous GMR editions (e.g., SH.UHC.NOP1.ZG and SH.UHC.NOP1.CG). For the measurement of overall medical impoverishment, the new indicators are complementary to the “Pushed below the poverty line by out-of-pocket health payments” indicators reported in all GMRs (e.g., SH.UHC.NOP1.TO and SH.UHC.NOP1.ZS), which represent the number and population share of people who live in households which lie above the poverty line when out-of-pocket health payments are included in consumption, but fall below the poverty line when out-of-pocket health payments are subtracted from consumption.

2. For the aggregated data, World Bank’s historical income classification that was based on data from each respective year was used.  For example, the FY2002 income classification based on the 2000 GNI per capita was used for the 2000 aggregates, the FY2007 income classification based on the 2005 GNI per capita was used for the 2005 aggregates, and so on.

3. For details of the definition for out-of-pocket health spending, please see the following publication:   World Health Organization and World Bank. 2021. Global Monitoring Report on Financial Protection in Health 2021.


name: Proportion of population pushed further below the $2.15 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

sourceNote: This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the $2.15 poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

sourceOrganization: Global Health Observatory. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/financial-protection)


IndicatorName: Proportion of population pushed further below the $3.65 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Longdefinition: This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the $3.65 poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

Shortdefinition: Further impoverishing health spending, 3.65$ (%)

name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: Proportion of population pushed further below the $3.65 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

sourceNote: This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the $3.65 poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Proportion of population pushed further below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Longdefinition:
This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the 60% median consumption poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending.
Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

Shortdefinition: Further impoverishing health spending, 60% of median (%)


name: Proportion of population pushed further below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

sourceNote:
This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the 60% median consumption poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending.
Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Proportion of population pushed below the $2.15 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Longdefinition: This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population experiencing out-of-pocket health impoverishing expenditures, defined as expenditures without which the household they live in would have been above the $ 2.15 poverty line, but because of the expenditures is below the poverty line. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

Shortdefinition: Impoverishing health spending, 2.15$ (%)

Notesfromoriginalsource:
1. For the aggregated data, World Bank’s historical income classification that was based on data from each respective year was used.  For example, the FY2002 income classification based on the 2000 GNI per capita was used for the 2000 aggregates, the FY2007 income classification based on the 2005 GNI per capita was used for the 2005 aggregates, and so on.

2. For details of the definition for out-of-pocket health spending, please see the following publication:   World Health Organization and World Bank. 2021. Global Monitoring Report on Financial Protection in Health 2021.


name: Proportion of population pushed below the $2.15 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

sourceNote: This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population experiencing out-of-pocket health impoverishing expenditures, defined as expenditures without which the household they live in would have been above the $ 2.15 poverty line, but because of the expenditures is below the poverty line. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Proportion of population pushed below the $3.65 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Longdefinition: This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population experiencing out-of-pocket health impoverishing expenditures, defined as expenditures without which the household they live in would have been above the $3.65 poverty line, but because of the expenditures is below the poverty line.  Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

Shortdefinition: Impoverishing health spending, 3.65$ (%)


name: Proportion of population pushed below the $3.65 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

sourceNote: This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population experiencing out-of-pocket health impoverishing expenditures, defined as expenditures without which the household they live in would have been above the $3.65 poverty line, but because of the expenditures is below the poverty line.  Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Proportion of population pushed below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health expenditure (%)

Longdefinition: This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population experiencing out-of-pocket health impoverishing expenditures, defined as expenditures without which the household they live in would have been above the 60% median consumption but because of the expenditures is below the poverty line. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

Shortdefinition: Impoverishing health spending, 60% of median (%)


name: Proportion of population pushed below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health expenditure (%)

sourceNote: This indicator shows the fraction of a country’s population experiencing out-of-pocket health impoverishing expenditures, defined as expenditures without which the household they live in would have been above the 60% median consumption but because of the expenditures is below the poverty line. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Longdefinition: Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

Shortdefinition: Catastrophic Health Expenditure, 10% of total expenditure/income (%)

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.8.2[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

sourceNote: Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Proportion of population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Longdefinition: Proportion of population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

Shortdefinition: Catastrophic Health Expenditure, 25% of total expenditure/income (%)


name: Proportion of population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

sourceNote: Proportion of population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


UHC service coverage index

Developmentrelevance: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is about ensuring that all people can access the health services they need without facing financial hardship. It is key to improving the well-being of a country’s population. UHC is also an investment in human capital and a foundational driver of inclusive and sustainable economic growth and development. UHC is a target associated with the Sustainable Development Goals (target 3.8), and it relates directly to Goal 3 (Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages) and to Goal 1 (End poverty in all its forms everywhere).

IndicatorName: UHC service coverage index

Longdefinition: Coverage index for essential health services (based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, noncommunicable diseases and service capacity and access). It is presented on a scale of 0 to 100.

Source: Global Health Observatory. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/service-coverage)

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: The Service Coverage Index used to track SDG 3.8.1 includes four indicator categories, namely (1) reproductive, manternal and newborn and child health, (2) infectious diseases, (3) non-communicable diseases and (4) service capacity and access. Each category contains several tracers. The index is constructed from geometric means of the tracer indicators; first, within each of the four categories, and then across the four category-specific means to obtain the final summary index. See Source for details about methodology.

Shortdefinition: UHC service coverage index

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.8.1[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

Notesfromoriginalsource: For the aggregated data, World Bank’s historical income classification that was based on data from each respective year was used.  For example, the FY2002 income classification based on the 2000 GNI per capita was used for the 2000 aggregates, the FY2007 income classification based on the 2005 GNI per capita was used for the 2005 aggregates, and so on.


sourceNote: Coverage index for essential health services (based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, noncommunicable diseases and service capacity and access). It is presented on a scale of 0 to 100.

sourceOrganization: Global Health Observatory. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/service-coverage)


IndicatorName: Proportion of population pushed or further pushed below the $2.15 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Longdefinition: This indicator shows the fraction of a country's population who is either (1) living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the $2.15 poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending or (2) live in households whose total expenditures are above the $2.15 poverty line but fall below the $2.15 poverty line when out-of-pocket health spending is subtracted from total expenditure. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

Shortdefinition: Impoverishing or further impoverishing health spending, 2.15$ (%)


name: Proportion of population pushed or further pushed below the $2.15 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

sourceNote: This indicator shows the fraction of a country's population who is either (1) living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the $2.15 poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending or (2) live in households whose total expenditures are above the $2.15 poverty line but fall below the $2.15 poverty line when out-of-pocket health spending is subtracted from total expenditure. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Proportion of population pushed or further pushed below the $3.65 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Longdefinition: This indicator shows the fraction of a country's population who is either (1) living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the $3.65 poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending or (2) live in households whose total expenditures are above the $3.65 poverty line but fall below the $3.65 poverty line when out-of-pocket health spending is subtracted from total expenditure. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

Shortdefinition: Impoverishing or further impoverishing health spending, 3.65$ (%)


name: Proportion of population pushed or further pushed below the $3.65 ($ 2017 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

sourceNote: This indicator shows the fraction of a country's population who is either (1) living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the $3.65 poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending or (2) live in households whose total expenditures are above the $3.65 poverty line but fall below the $3.65 poverty line when out-of-pocket health spending is subtracted from total expenditure. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Proportion of population pushed or further pushed below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health expenditure (%)

Longdefinition: This indicator shows the fraction of a country's population who is either (1) living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the relative poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending or (2) live in households whose total expenditures are above the relative poverty line but fall below the relative poverty line when out-of-pocket health spending is subtracted from total expenditure. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).

Shortdefinition: Impoverishing or further impoverishing health spending, 60% of median (%)


name: Proportion of population pushed or further pushed below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health expenditure (%)

sourceNote: This indicator shows the fraction of a country's population who is either (1) living in households whose non-health expenditures are already below the relative poverty line and who as a result are pushed further into poverty by their out-of-pocket health spending or (2) live in households whose total expenditures are above the relative poverty line but fall below the relative poverty line when out-of-pocket health spending is subtracted from total expenditure. Out-of-pocket health expenditure is defined as any spending incurred by a household when any member uses a health good or service to receive any type of care (preventive, curative, rehabilitative, long-term or palliative care); provided by any type of provider; for any type of disease, illness or health condition; in any type of setting (outpatient, inpatient, at home).


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


Newborns protected against tetanus (%)

IndicatorName: Newborns protected against tetanus (%)

Longdefinition: Newborns protected against tetanus are the percentage of births by women of child-bearing age who are immunized against tetanus.

Source: WHO and UNICEF (http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/en/).


sourceNote: Newborns protected against tetanus are the percentage of births by women of child-bearing age who are immunized against tetanus.

sourceOrganization: WHO and UNICEF (http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/en/).