IndicatorName: Women who believe a husband is justified in beating his wife (any of five reasons) (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of women ages 15-49 who believe a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner for any of the following five reasons: argues with him; refuses to have sex; burns the food; goes out without telling him; or when she neglects the children.


Periodicity: Annual

Source: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and other surveys

Topic: Gender: Health

License_Type: CC BY-4.0

name: Women who believe a husband is justified in beating his wife (any of five reasons) (%)

value: World Development Indicators

sourceNote: Percentage of women ages 15-49 who believe a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner for any of the following five reasons: argues with him; refuses to have sex; burns the food; goes out without telling him; or when she neglects the children.

value: Health

value: Gender


sourceOrganization: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and other surveys


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Women who believe a husband is justified in beating his wife when she refuses sex with him (%)

Longdefinition: Percentage of women ages 15-49 who believe a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner when she refuses sex with him.


name: Women who believe a husband is justified in beating his wife when she refuses sex with him (%)

sourceNote: Percentage of women ages 15-49 who believe a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner when she refuses sex with him.


Developmentrelevance: Acoording to the World Health Organization, alcohol consumption is a causal factor in more than 200 disease and injury conditions. In the world, an estimated 3 million deaths are from harmful use of alcohols every year.   Drinking alcohol is associated with a risk of developing health problems such as mental and behavioural disorders, including alcohol dependence, major noncommunicable diseases such as liver cirrhosis, some cancers and cardiovascular diseases, as well as injuries resulting from violence and road clashes and collisions.

IndicatorName: Total alcohol consumption per capita, female (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, female 15+ years of age)

Longdefinition: Total alcohol per capita consumption is defined as the total (sum of recorded and unrecorded alcohol) amount of alcohol consumed per person (15 years of age or older) over a calendar year, in litres of pure alcohol, adjusted for tourist consumption.

Source: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: The estimates for the total alcohol consumption are produced by summing up the 3-year average per capita (15+) recorded alcohol consumption and an estimate of per capita (15+) unrecorded alcohol consumption for a calendar year. Tourist consumption takes into account tourists visiting the country and inhabitants visiting other countries.

Topic: Health: Risk factors

Aggregationmethod: Weighted average

Generalcomments: This is a sex-disaggregated indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 3.5.2 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Total alcohol consumption per capita, female (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, female 15+ years of age)

sourceNote: Total alcohol per capita consumption is defined as the total (sum of recorded and unrecorded alcohol) amount of alcohol consumed per person (15 years of age or older) over a calendar year, in litres of pure alcohol, adjusted for tourist consumption.

sourceOrganization: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).


IndicatorName: Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.5.2[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)


IndicatorName: Total alcohol consumption per capita, male (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, male 15+ years of age)


name: Total alcohol consumption per capita, male (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, male 15+ years of age)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (% of women ages 15-49)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age refers to the combined prevalence of both non-pregnant with haemoglobin levels below 12 g/dL and pregnant women with haemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL.

Source: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics.

Topic: Health: Nutrition


name: Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (% of women ages 15-49)

sourceNote: Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age refers to the combined prevalence of both non-pregnant with haemoglobin levels below 12 g/dL and pregnant women with haemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL.

sourceOrganization: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of anemia among children (% of children ages 6-59 months)

Limitationsandexceptions: Data for blood haemoglobin concentrations are still limited, compared to other nutritional indicators such as hild anthropometry. As a result, the estimates may not capture the full variation across countries and regions.

Longdefinition: Prevalence of anemia, children ages 6-59 months, is the percentage of children ages 6-59 months whose hemoglobin level is less than 110 grams per liter, adjusted for altitude.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Data on anemia are compiled by the WHO, and a statistical model was used to estimate trends. WHO’s hemoglobin threshold concentration in blood was used.

Generalcomments: Anemia is defined as a low blood haemoglobin concentration. Anaemia may result from a number of causes, with the most significant contributor being iron deficiency. Anaemia resulting from iron deficiency adversely affects cognitive and motor development and causes fatigue and low productivity. Children under age 5 and pregnant women have the highest risk for anemia.


name: Prevalence of anemia among children (% of children ages 6-59 months)

sourceNote: Prevalence of anemia, children ages 6-59 months, is the percentage of children ages 6-59 months whose hemoglobin level is less than 110 grams per liter, adjusted for altitude.


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of anemia among non-pregnant women (% of women ages 15-49)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of anemia, non-pregnant women, is the percentage of non-pregnant women whose hemoglobin level is less than 120 grams per liter at sea level.

name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: Prevalence of anemia among non-pregnant women (% of women ages 15-49)

sourceNote: Prevalence of anemia, non-pregnant women, is the percentage of non-pregnant women whose hemoglobin level is less than 120 grams per liter at sea level.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Condom use, population ages 15-24, female (% of females ages 15-24)

Longdefinition: Condom use, female is the percentage of the female population ages 15-24 who used a condom at last intercourse in the last 12 months.

Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, and UNAIDS.

Topic: Health: Disease prevention


name: Condom use, population ages 15-24, female (% of females ages 15-24)

sourceNote: Condom use, female is the percentage of the female population ages 15-24 who used a condom at last intercourse in the last 12 months.

sourceOrganization: Demographic and Health Surveys, and UNAIDS.


IndicatorName: Condom use, population ages 15-24, male (% of males ages 15-24)

Longdefinition: Condom use, male is the percentage of the male population ages 15-24 who used a condom at last intercourse in the last 12 months.


name: Condom use, population ages 15-24, male (% of males ages 15-24)

sourceNote: Condom use, male is the percentage of the male population ages 15-24 who used a condom at last intercourse in the last 12 months.


Number of deaths ages 5-9 years

IndicatorName: Number of deaths ages 5-9 years

Limitationsandexceptions: Complete vital registration systems are fairly uncommon in developing countries. Thus estimates must be obtained from sample surveys or derived by applying indirect estimation techniques to registration, census, or survey data. Survey data are subject to recall error, and surveys estimating infant/child deaths require large samples because households in which a birth has occurred during a given year cannot ordinarily be preselected for sampling. Indirect estimates rely on model life tables that may be inappropriate for the population concerned. Extrapolations based on outdated surveys may not be reliable for monitoring changes in health status or for comparative analytical work.

Longdefinition: Number of deaths of children ages 5-9 years

Source: Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.

Topic: Health: Mortality

Aggregationmethod: Sum

Generalcomments: Aggregate data for LIC, UMC, LMC, HIC are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.

value: Education


sourceNote: Number of deaths of children ages 5-9 years

sourceOrganization: Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.


Number of deaths ages 10-14 years

IndicatorName: Number of deaths ages 10-14 years

Longdefinition: Number of deaths of adolescents ages 10-14 years


sourceNote: Number of deaths of adolescents ages 10-14 years


Number of deaths ages 15-19 years

IndicatorName: Number of deaths ages 15-19 years

Longdefinition: Number of deaths of adolescents ages 15-19 years


sourceNote: Number of deaths of adolescents ages 15-19 years


Number of deaths ages 20-24 years

IndicatorName: Number of deaths ages 20-24 years

Longdefinition: Number of deaths of youths ages 20-24 years


sourceNote: Number of deaths of youths ages 20-24 years


IndicatorName: Cause of death, by communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions (% of total)

Limitationsandexceptions: The limited availability of data on health status is a major constraint in assessing the health situation in developing countries. Surveillance data are lacking for many major public health concerns. Estimates of prevalence and incidence are available for some diseases but are often unreliable and incomplete. National health authorities differ widely in capacity and willingness to collect or report information. To compensate for this and improve reliability and international comparability, the World Health Organization (WHO) prepares estimates in accordance with epidemiological models and statistical standards.

Longdefinition: Cause of death refers to the share of all deaths for all ages by underlying causes. Communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions include infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory infections, and nutritional deficiencies such as underweight and stunting.

Source: Derived based on the data from Global Health Estimates 2020: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000-2019. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2020. Link: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-of-death

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Data on cause of death are compiled by the WHO, based mainly on data from national vital registry systems, as well as sample registration systems, population laboratories, and epidemiological analysis of specific conditions. Data are classified based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision. Data have been carefully analyzed to take into account incomplete coverage of vital registration and the likely differences in cause of death patterns that would be expected in undercovered and often poorer subpopulations. Special attention has also been paid to misattribution or miscoding of causes of death in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, injuries, and general ill-defined categories. For further information, consult the original source.


name: Cause of death, by communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions (% of total)

sourceNote: Cause of death refers to the share of all deaths for all ages by underlying causes. Communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions include infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory infections, and nutritional deficiencies such as underweight and stunting.

sourceOrganization: Derived based on the data from Global Health Estimates 2020: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000-2019. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2020. Link: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-of-death


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


Number of infant deaths

IndicatorName: Number of infant deaths

Longdefinition: Number of infants dying before reaching one year of age.


sourceNote: Number of infants dying before reaching one year of age.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


Cause of death, by injury (% of total)

IndicatorName: Cause of death, by injury (% of total)

Longdefinition: Cause of death refers to the share of all deaths for all ages by underlying causes. Injuries include unintentional and intentional injuries.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Data on cause of death are compiled by the WHO, based mainly on data from national vital registry systems, as well as sample registration systems, population laboratories, and epidemiological analysis of specific conditions. Data are classified based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision. Data have been carefully analyzed to take into account incomplete coverage of vital registration and the likely differences in cause of death patterns that would be expected in under-covered and often poorer subpopulations. Special attention has also been paid to misattribution or miscoding of causes of death in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, injuries, and general ill-defined categories. For further information, consult the original source.


sourceNote: Cause of death refers to the share of all deaths for all ages by underlying causes. Injuries include unintentional and intentional injuries.


Number of under-five deaths

IndicatorName: Number of under-five deaths

Longdefinition: Number of children dying before reaching age five.


sourceNote: Number of children dying before reaching age five.


IndicatorName: Cause of death, by non-communicable diseases (% of total)

Longdefinition: Cause of death refers to the share of all deaths for all ages by underlying causes. Non-communicable diseases include cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, digestive diseases, skin diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, and congenital anomalies.


name: Cause of death, by non-communicable diseases (% of total)

sourceNote: Cause of death refers to the share of all deaths for all ages by underlying causes. Non-communicable diseases include cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, digestive diseases, skin diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, and congenital anomalies.


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


Number of neonatal deaths

IndicatorName: Number of neonatal deaths

Longdefinition: Number of neonates dying before reaching 28 days of age.

Generalcomments:
Aggregate data for LIC, UMC, LMC, HIC are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.

This indicator is related to Sustainable Development Goal 3.2.2 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


sourceNote: Number of neonates dying before reaching 28 days of age.


Developmentrelevance: Mortality rates for different age groups (infants, children, adolescents, youth and adults) and overall mortality indicators (life expectancy at birth or survival to a given age) are important indicators of health status in a country. Because data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. And they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries.

IndicatorName: Probability of dying among children ages 5-9 years (per 1,000)

Longdefinition: Probability of dying between age 5-9 years of age expressed per 1,000 children aged 5, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The main sources of mortality data are vital registration systems and direct or indirect estimates based on sample surveys or censuses. A "complete" vital registration system - covering at least 90 percent of vital events in the population - is the best source of age-specific mortality data.

Estimates of neonatal, infant, and child mortality tend to vary by source and method for a given time and place. Years for available estimates also vary by country, making comparisons across countries and over time difficult. To make neonatal, infant, and child mortality estimates comparable and to ensure consistency across estimates by different agencies, the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), which comprises the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank, the United Nations Population Division, and other universities and research institutes, developed and adopted a statistical method that uses all available information to reconcile differences. The method uses statistical models to obtain a best estimate trend line by fitting a country-specific regression model of mortality rates against their reference dates.


name: Probability of dying among children ages 5-9 years (per 1,000)

sourceNote: Probability of dying between age 5-9 years of age expressed per 1,000 children aged 5, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.


IndicatorName: Probability of dying among adolescents ages 10-14 years (per 1,000)

Longdefinition: Probability of dying between age 10-14 years of age expressed per 1,000 adolescents age 10, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.

name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Probability of dying among adolescents ages 10-14 years (per 1,000)

sourceNote: Probability of dying between age 10-14 years of age expressed per 1,000 adolescents age 10, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Probability of dying among adolescents ages 15-19 years (per 1,000)

Longdefinition: Probability of dying between age 15-19 years of age expressed per 1,000 adolescents age 15, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.


name: Probability of dying among adolescents ages 15-19 years (per 1,000)

sourceNote: Probability of dying between age 15-19 years of age expressed per 1,000 adolescents age 15, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.


IndicatorName: Probability of dying among youth ages 20-24 years (per 1,000)

Longdefinition: Probability of dying between age 20-24 years of age expressed per 1,000 youths age 20, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.


name: Probability of dying among youth ages 20-24 years (per 1,000)

sourceNote: Probability of dying between age 20-24 years of age expressed per 1,000 youths age 20, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Women's share of population ages 15+ living with HIV (%)

Limitationsandexceptions: The limited availability of data on health status is a major constraint in assessing the health situation in developing countries. Surveillance data are lacking for many major public health concerns. Estimates of prevalence and incidence are available for some diseases but are often unreliable and incomplete. National health authorities differ widely in capacity and willingness to collect or report information.

Longdefinition: Prevalence of HIV is the percentage of people who are infected with HIV. Female rate is as a percentage of the total population ages 15+ who are living with HIV.

Source: UNAIDS estimates.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
HIV prevalence rates reflect the rate of HIV infection in each country's population. Low national prevalence rates can be misleading, however. They often disguise epidemics that are initially concentrated in certain localities or population groups and threaten to spill over into the wider population. In many developing countries most new infections occur in young adults, with young women especially vulnerable.

Data on HIV are from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Changes in procedures and assumptions for estimating the data and better coordination with countries have resulted in improved estimates of HIV and AIDS. The models, which are routinely updated, track the course of HIV epidemics and their impact, making full use of information in HIV prevalence trends from surveillance data as well as survey data. The models take into account reduced infectivity among people receiving antiretroviral therapy (which is having a larger impact on HIV prevalence and allowing HIV-positive people to live longer) and allow for changes in urbanization over time in generalized epidemics. The estimates include plausibility bounds, which reflect the certainty associated with each of the estimates.

sourceOrganization: UNAIDS estimates.


name: Women's share of population ages 15+ living with HIV (%)

sourceNote: Prevalence of HIV is the percentage of people who are infected with HIV. Female rate is as a percentage of the total population ages 15+ who are living with HIV.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV.

value: Aid Effectiveness


name: Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)

sourceNote: Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV.


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


Developmentrelevance: Mortality rates for different age groups (infants, children, and adults) and overall mortality indicators (life expectancy at birth or survival to a given age) are important indicators of health status in a country. Because data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. And they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries.

IndicatorName: Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)

Longdefinition: Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.

Generalcomments:
Given that data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. Moreover, they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries. Under-five mortality rates are higher for boys than for girls in countries in which parental gender preferences are insignificant. Under-five mortality captures the effect of gender discrimination better than infant mortality does, as malnutrition and medical interventions have more significant impacts to this age group. Where female under-five mortality is higher, girls are likely to have less access to resources than boys.

Aggregate data for LIC, UMC, LMC, HIC are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.

This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.2.1[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

value: Climate Change

name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)

sourceNote: Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Mortality rate, under-5, female (per 1,000 live births)

Longdefinition: Under-five mortality rate, female is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn female baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to female age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.

Generalcomments:
Given that data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. Moreover, they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries. Under-five mortality rates are higher for boys than for girls in countries in which parental gender preferences are insignificant. Under-five mortality captures the effect of gender discrimination better than infant mortality does, as malnutrition and medical interventions have more significant impacts to this age group. Where female under-five mortality is higher, girls are likely to have less access to resources than boys.

Aggregate data for LIC, UMC, LMC, HIC are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.

This is a sex-disaggregated indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 3.2.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Mortality rate, under-5, female (per 1,000 live births)

sourceNote: Under-five mortality rate, female is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn female baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to female age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Mortality rate, under-5, male (per 1,000 live births)

Longdefinition: Under-five mortality rate, male is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn male baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to male age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.


name: Mortality rate, under-5, male (per 1,000 live births)

sourceNote: Under-five mortality rate, male is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn male baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to male age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD between exact ages 30 and 70, female (%)

Longdefinition: Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD is the percent of 30-year-old-people who would die before their 70th birthday from any of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes,  or chronic respiratory disease, assuming that s/he would experience current mortality rates at every age and s/he would not die from any other cause of death (e.g., injuries or HIV/AIDS).

Generalcomments: This is a sex-disaggregated indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 3.4.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD between exact ages 30 and 70, female (%)

sourceNote: Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD is the percent of 30-year-old-people who would die before their 70th birthday from any of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes,  or chronic respiratory disease, assuming that s/he would experience current mortality rates at every age and s/he would not die from any other cause of death (e.g., injuries or HIV/AIDS).


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD between exact ages 30 and 70, male (%)


name: Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD between exact ages 30 and 70, male (%)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD between exact ages 30 and 70 (%)

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.4.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD between exact ages 30 and 70 (%)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Mortality rate, neonatal (per 1,000 live births)

Longdefinition: Neonatal mortality rate is the number of neonates dying before reaching 28 days of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Generalcomments:
Given that data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. Moreover, they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries.

Aggregate data for LIC, UMC, LMC, HIC are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.

This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.2.2 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Mortality rate, neonatal (per 1,000 live births)

sourceNote: Neonatal mortality rate is the number of neonates dying before reaching 28 days of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (% of married women with demand for family planning)

Longdefinition: Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods refers to the percentage of married women ages 15-49 years whose need for family planning is satisfied with modern methods.

Source: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS).

Topic: Health: Reproductive health

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.7.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

sourceOrganization: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS).


name: Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (% of married women with demand for family planning)

sourceNote: Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods refers to the percentage of married women ages 15-49 years whose need for family planning is satisfied with modern methods.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


Developmentrelevance:
Water is considered to be the most important resource for sustaining ecosystems, which provide life-supporting services for people, animals, and plants. Global access to safe water and proper hygiene education can reduce illness and death from disease, leading to improved health, poverty reduction, and socio-economic development. However, many countries are challenged to provide these basic necessities to their populations, leaving people at risk for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related diseases. Because contaminated water is a major cause of illness and death, water quality is a determining factor in human poverty, education, and economic opportunities.

Lack of access to adequate drinking water services contributes to deaths and illness, especially in children. Water based disease transmission by drinking contaminated water is responsible for significant outbreaks of diseases such as cholera and typhoid and includes diarrheal diseases, viral hepatitis A, cholera, dysentery and dracunculiasis (Guineaworm disease). Improving access to clean drinking water is a crucial element in the reduction of under-five mortality and morbidity and there is evidence that ensuring higher levels of drinking water services has a greater impact.

Women and children spend millions of hours each year fetching water. The chore diverts their time from other important activities (for example attending school, caring for children, participating in the economy). When water is not available on premises and has to be collected, women and girls are almost two and a half times more likely than men and boys to be the main water carriers for their families.

Many international organizations use access to safe drinking water and hygienic sanitation facilities as a measure for progress in the fight against poverty, disease, and death. Access to safe drinking water is also considered to be a human right, not a privilege, for every man, woman, and child. Economic benefits of safe drinking water services include higher economic productivity, more education, and health-care savings.

IndicatorName: People using at least basic drinking water services, rural (% of rural population)

Limitationsandexceptions: National, regional and income group estimates are made when data are available for at least 50 percent of the population.

Longdefinition: The percentage of people using at least basic water services.  This indicator encompasses both people using basic water services as well as those using safely managed water services.  Basic drinking water services is defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip.  Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.

Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (washdata.org).

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Data on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are produced by the Joint Monitoring Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) based on administrative sources, national censuses and nationally representative household surveys.  WHO/UNICEF defines a basic drinking water service as drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip.  Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.

value: Environment


name: People using at least basic drinking water services, rural (% of rural population)

sourceNote: The percentage of people using at least basic water services.  This indicator encompasses both people using basic water services as well as those using safely managed water services.  Basic drinking water services is defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip.  Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.

sourceOrganization: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (washdata.org).


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: People using at least basic drinking water services, urban (% of urban population)


name: People using at least basic drinking water services, urban (% of urban population)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population)


name: People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: People using safely managed drinking water services, rural (% of rural population)

Limitationsandexceptions: In order to meet the criteria for a safely managed drinking water service, an improved water source should meet three criteria: it should be accessible on the premises (accessibility), water should be available when needed (availability), and the water supplied should be free from contamination (quality).  Many countries lack data on one or more elements of safely managed drinking water.  The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) provide national estimates only when data are available on drinking water quality and at least one of the other criteria (accessibility and availability).  Regional and income group estimates are made when data are available for at least 30 percent of the population.

Longdefinition: The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Data on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are produced by the Joint Monitoring Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) based on administrative sources, national censuses and nationally representative household surveys.  WHO/UNICEF defines a safely managed drinking water as an improved water source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination.  Improved water sources include: piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.

Generalcomments:
Aggregate data by groups are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene.

This is a disaggregated indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 6.1.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: People using safely managed drinking water services, rural (% of rural population)

sourceNote: The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: People using safely managed drinking water services, urban (% of urban population)


name: People using safely managed drinking water services, urban (% of urban population)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)

Generalcomments:
Aggregate data by groups are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene.

This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 6.1.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


Children (0-14) living with HIV

IndicatorName: Children (0-14) living with HIV

Longdefinition: Children living with HIV refers to the number of children ages 0-14 who are infected with HIV.


sourceNote: Children living with HIV refers to the number of children ages 0-14 who are infected with HIV.


IndicatorName: Prevalence of HIV, female (% ages 15-24)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of HIV, female is the percentage of females who are infected with HIV. Youth rates are as a percentage of the relevant age group.

Generalcomments: In many developing countries most new infections occur in young adults, with young women especially vulnerable.

value: Social Development


name: Prevalence of HIV, female (% ages 15-24)

sourceNote: Prevalence of HIV, female is the percentage of females who are infected with HIV. Youth rates are as a percentage of the relevant age group.


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


Prevalence of HIV, male (% ages 15-24)

IndicatorName: Prevalence of HIV, male (% ages 15-24)

Longdefinition: Prevalence of HIV, male is the percentage of males who are infected with HIV. Youth rates are as a percentage of the relevant age group.

Generalcomments: In many developing countries most new infections occur in young adults, with young women being especially vulnerable.


sourceNote: Prevalence of HIV, male is the percentage of males who are infected with HIV. Youth rates are as a percentage of the relevant age group.


IndicatorName: Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% of people living with HIV)

Longdefinition: Antiretroviral therapy coverage indicates the percentage of all people living with HIV who are receiving antiretroviral therapy.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Data on HIV are from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Changes in procedures and assumptions for estimating the data and better coordination with countries have resulted in improved estimates of HIV and AIDS.

Antiretroviral therapy has led to huge reductions in death and suffering of people with advanced HIV infection.


name: Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% of people living with HIV)

sourceNote: Antiretroviral therapy coverage indicates the percentage of all people living with HIV who are receiving antiretroviral therapy.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


Developmentrelevance: Despite the existence of effective medications and treatment, HIV/AIDS is still a leading cause of death and public health threat in the world.  Low and middle income countries continue to bear a disproportionate share of the global burden of HIV/AIDS. The incidence rate provides a measure of progress toward preventing onward transmission of HIV. Also, the identification of newly infected persons will allow for interventions to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.

IndicatorName: Adults (ages 15-49) newly infected with HIV

Longdefinition: Number of adults (ages 15-49) newly infected with HIV.

Generalcomments: This indicator is related to Sustainable Development Goal 3.3.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

Previous_Indicator_Name: Number of adults (ages 15+) newly infected with HIV - Indicator name and definition have been changed since October 2020.


name: Adults (ages 15-49) newly infected with HIV

sourceNote: Number of adults (ages 15-49) newly infected with HIV.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV

Longdefinition: Number of children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV.


name: Children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV

sourceNote: Number of children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV.


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Adults (ages 15+) and children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV

Longdefinition: Number of adults (ages 15+) and children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV.


name: Adults (ages 15+) and children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV

sourceNote: Number of adults (ages 15+) and children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Incidence of HIV, all (per 1,000 uninfected population)

Longdefinition: Number of new HIV infections among uninfected populations expressed per 1,000 uninfected population in the year before the period.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Data on incidence of HIV are from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Because of challenges in collecting direct measures of HIV incidence, modelled estimates are used (the Spectrum software). The models incorporate data on HIV prevalence from surveys of the general population, antenatal clinic attendees, and populations at increased risk of contracting HIV (such as sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs) and on the number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy, which will increase the prevalence of HIV because people living with HIV now survive longer. In countries with high-quality health information systems the models are also informed by case reporting and vital registration data.

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.3.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Incidence of HIV, all (per 1,000 uninfected population)

sourceNote: Number of new HIV infections among uninfected populations expressed per 1,000 uninfected population in the year before the period.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Young people (ages 15-24) newly infected with HIV

Longdefinition: Number of young people (ages 15-24) newly infected with HIV.


name: Young people (ages 15-24) newly infected with HIV

sourceNote: Number of young people (ages 15-24) newly infected with HIV.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Incidence of HIV, ages 15-24 (per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-24)

Longdefinition: Number of new HIV infections among uninfected populations ages 15-24 expressed per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-24 in the year before the period.

Generalcomments: This is an age-disaggregated indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 3.3.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Incidence of HIV, ages 15-24 (per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-24)

sourceNote: Number of new HIV infections among uninfected populations ages 15-24 expressed per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-24 in the year before the period.


IndicatorName: Incidence of HIV, ages 15-49 (per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-49)

Longdefinition: Number of new HIV infections among uninfected populations ages 15-49 expressed per 1,000 uninfected population in the year before the period.


name: Incidence of HIV, ages 15-49 (per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-49)

sourceNote: Number of new HIV infections among uninfected populations ages 15-49 expressed per 1,000 uninfected population in the year before the period.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Antiretroviral therapy coverage for PMTCT (% of pregnant women living with HIV)

Longdefinition: Percentage of pregnant women with HIV who receive antiretroviral medicine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT).


name: Antiretroviral therapy coverage for PMTCT (% of pregnant women living with HIV)

sourceNote: Percentage of pregnant women with HIV who receive antiretroviral medicine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT).


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


Developmentrelevance: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions, and ??is an essential component for reducing under-five mortality. Immunization coverage estimates are used to monitor coverage of immunization services and to guide disease eradication and elimination efforts.

IndicatorName: Immunization, HepB3 (% of one-year-old children)

Limitationsandexceptions: In many developing countries a lack of precise information on the size of the cohort of one-year-old children makes immunization coverage difficult to estimate from program statistics.

Longdefinition: Child immunization rate, hepatitis B is the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received hepatitis B vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized after three doses.

Source: WHO and UNICEF (http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/en/).

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Governments in developing countries usually finance immunization against measles and diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus (DTP) as part of the basic public health package. The data shown here are based on an assessment of national immunization coverage rates by the WHO and UNICEF. The assessment considered both administrative data from service providers and household survey data on children's immunization histories. Based on the data available, consideration of potential biases, and contributions of local experts, the most likely true level of immunization coverage was determined for each year.

Notes on regional and global aggregates: When the vaccine is not introduced in a national immunization schedule, the missing value is assumed zero (or close to zero) in the relevant groups' averages.


name: Immunization, HepB3 (% of one-year-old children)

sourceNote: Child immunization rate, hepatitis B is the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received hepatitis B vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized after three doses.

sourceOrganization: WHO and UNICEF (http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/en/).


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Longdefinition: Child immunization, DPT, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received DPT vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against diphtheria, pertussis (or whooping cough), and tetanus (DPT) after receiving three doses of vaccine.

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.b.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

sourceNote: Child immunization, DPT, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received DPT vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against diphtheria, pertussis (or whooping cough), and tetanus (DPT) after receiving three doses of vaccine.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Longdefinition: Child immunization, measles, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received the measles vaccination before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine.


name: Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

sourceNote: Child immunization, measles, measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received the measles vaccination before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine.


Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

IndicatorName: Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

Limitationsandexceptions: Depending on the source and means of monitoring, data may not be exactly comparable across countries. For more information, see the original source.

Longdefinition: Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.

Source: Data are from the World Health Organization, supplemented by country data.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Health systems - the combined arrangements of institutions and actions whose primary purpose is to promote, restore, or maintain health (World Health Organization, World Health Report 2000) - are increasingly being recognized as key to combating disease and improving the health status of populations. The World Bank's Healthy Development: Strategy for Health, Nutrition, and Population Results emphasizes the need to strengthen health systems, which are weak in many countries, in order to increase the effectiveness of programs aimed at reducing specific diseases and further reduce morbidity and mortality. To evaluate health systems, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that key components - such as financing, service delivery, workforce, governance, and information - be monitored using several key indicators. The data are a subset of the key indicators. Monitoring health systems allows the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of different health system models to be compared. Health system data also help identify weaknesses and strengths and areas that need investment, such as additional health facilities, better health information systems, or better trained human resources.

Availability and use of health services, such as hospital beds per 1,000 people, reflect both demand- and supply-side factors. In the absence of a consistent definition this is a crude indicator of the extent of physical, financial, and other barriers to health care.

Topic: Health: Health systems

Notesfromoriginalsource: Depending on the source and means of monitoring, data may not be exactly comparable across countries. See listed source for country-specific details.


sourceNote: Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.

sourceOrganization: Data are from the World Health Organization, supplemented by country data.


Developmentrelevance: The WHO estimates that at least 2.5 medical staff (physicians, nurses and midwives) per 1,000 people are needed to provide adequate coverage with primary care interventions (WHO, World Health Report 2006).

IndicatorName: Community health workers (per 1,000 people)

Limitationsandexceptions: The WHO compiles data from household and labor force surveys, censuses, and administrative records. Data comparability is limited by differences in definitions and training of medical personnel varies. In addition, human resources tend to be concentrated in urban areas, so that average densities do not provide a full picture of health personnel available to the entire population.

Longdefinition: Community health workers include various types of community health aides, many with country-specific occupational titles such as community health officers, community health-education workers, family health workers, lady health visitors and health extension package workers.

Source: World Health Organization's Global Health Workforce Statistics, OECD, supplemented by country data.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Health systems - the combined arrangements of institutions and actions whose primary purpose is to promote, restore, or maintain health (World Health Organization, World Health Report 2000) - are increasingly being recognized as key to combating disease and improving the health status of populations. The World Bank's Healthy Development: Strategy for Health, Nutrition, and Population Results emphasizes the need to strengthen health systems, which are weak in many countries, in order to increase the effectiveness of programs aimed at reducing specific diseases and further reduce morbidity and mortality. To evaluate health systems, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that key components - such as financing, service delivery, workforce, governance, and information - be monitored using several key indicators. The data are a subset of the key indicators. Monitoring health systems allows the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of different health system models to be compared. Health system data also help identify weaknesses and strengths and areas that need investment, such as additional health facilities, better health information systems, or better trained human resources.

Data on health worker (physicians, nurses and midwives, and community health workers) density show the availability of medical personnel.


name: Community health workers (per 1,000 people)

sourceNote: Community health workers include various types of community health aides, many with country-specific occupational titles such as community health officers, community health-education workers, family health workers, lady health visitors and health extension package workers.

sourceOrganization: World Health Organization's Global Health Workforce Statistics, OECD, supplemented by country data.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

IndicatorName: Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

Longdefinition: Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses.

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.c.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


sourceNote: Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses.


Physicians (per 1,000 people)

IndicatorName: Physicians (per 1,000 people)

Longdefinition: Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.


sourceNote: Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.


IndicatorName: Specialist surgical workforce (per 100,000 population)

Longdefinition: Specialist surgical workforce is the number of specialist surgical, anaesthetic, and obstetric (SAO) providers who are working in each country per 100,000 population.

Source: Data collected by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (www.lancetglobalsurgery.org); Data collected by WHO Collaborating Centre for Surgery and Public Health at Lund University from various sources including Ministries of Health or equivalent national regulatory bodies, national official entities such as medical councils, Eurostat, OECD, WHO Euro Health For All Database, WHO EURO Technical resources for health Database; BMJ Glob Health.


name: Specialist surgical workforce (per 100,000 population)

sourceNote: Specialist surgical workforce is the number of specialist surgical, anaesthetic, and obstetric (SAO) providers who are working in each country per 100,000 population.

sourceOrganization: Data collected by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (www.lancetglobalsurgery.org); Data collected by WHO Collaborating Centre for Surgery and Public Health at Lund University from various sources including Ministries of Health or equivalent national regulatory bodies, national official entities such as medical councils, Eurostat, OECD, WHO Euro Health For All Database, WHO EURO Technical resources for health Database; BMJ Glob Health.


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Incidence of malaria (per 1,000 population at risk)

Longdefinition: Incidence of malaria is the number of new cases of malaria in a year per 1,000 population at risk.

Source: World Health Organization, World malaria report and Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.3.3[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Incidence of malaria (per 1,000 population at risk)

sourceNote: Incidence of malaria is the number of new cases of malaria in a year per 1,000 population at risk.

sourceOrganization: World Health Organization, World malaria report and Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Use of insecticide-treated bed nets (% of under-5 population)

Longdefinition: Use of insecticide-treated bed nets refers to the percentage of children under age five who slept under an insecticide-treated bednet to prevent malaria.

Source: UNICEF, State of the World's Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Malaria is endemic to the poorest countries in the world, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Insecticide-treated nets, properly used and maintained, are one of the most important malaria-preventive strategies to limit human-mosquito contact.


name: Use of insecticide-treated bed nets (% of under-5 population)

sourceNote: Use of insecticide-treated bed nets refers to the percentage of children under age five who slept under an insecticide-treated bednet to prevent malaria.

sourceOrganization: UNICEF, State of the World's Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Children with fever receiving antimalarial drugs (% of children under age 5 with fever)

Longdefinition: Malaria treatment refers to the percentage of children under age five who were ill with fever in the last two weeks and received any appropriate (locally defined) anti-malarial drugs.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Malaria is endemic to the poorest countries in the world, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Prompt and effective treatment of malaria is a critical element of malaria control. It is vital that sufferers, especially children under age 5, start treatment within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms, to prevent progression - often rapid - to severe malaria and death. Data on malaria are from national-level surveys, including Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys, and Malaria Indicator Surveys.


name: Children with fever receiving antimalarial drugs (% of children under age 5 with fever)

sourceNote: Malaria treatment refers to the percentage of children under age five who were ill with fever in the last two weeks and received any appropriate (locally defined) anti-malarial drugs.


Number of maternal deaths

IndicatorName: Number of maternal deaths

Longdefinition: A maternal death refers to the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.

Source: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division. Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2020. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2023


sourceNote: A maternal death refers to the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.

sourceOrganization: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA/Population Division. Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2020. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2023


IndicatorName: Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in: rate varies by country)

Limitationsandexceptions: The methodology differs from that used for previous estimates, so data should not be compared historically. Maternal mortality ratios are generally of unknown reliability, as are many other cause-specific mortality indicators. The probability cannot be assumed to provide an exact estimate of risk of maternal death.

Longdefinition: Life time risk of maternal death is the probability that a 15-year-old female will die eventually from a maternal cause assuming that current levels of fertility and mortality (including maternal mortality) do not change in the future, taking into account competing causes of death.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Reproductive health is a state of physical and mental well-being in relation to the reproductive system and its functions and processes. Means of achieving reproductive health include education and services during pregnancy and childbirth, safe and effective contraception, and prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death and disability among women of reproductive age in developing countries.

Maternal mortality is generally of unknown reliability, as are many other cause-specific mortality indicators. Household surveys such as Demographic and Health Surveys attempt to measure maternal mortality by asking respondents about survivorship of sisters. The main disadvantage of this method is that the estimates of maternal mortality that it produces pertain to any time within the past few years before the survey, making them unsuitable for monitoring recent changes or observing the impact of interventions. In addition, measurement of maternal mortality is subject to many types of errors. Even in high-income countries with reliable vital registration systems, misclassification of maternal deaths has been found to lead to serious underestimation.

The estimates are based on an exercise by the Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG) which consists of World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), World Bank, and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and include country-level time series data. For countries without complete registration data but with other types of data and for countries with no data, maternal mortality is estimated with a regression model using available national maternal mortality data and socioeconomic information.

In countries with a high risk of maternal death, many girls die before reaching reproductive age. Lifetime risk of maternal mortality refers to the probability that a 15-year-old girl will eventually die due to a maternal cause.


name: Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in: rate varies by country)

sourceNote: Life time risk of maternal death is the probability that a 15-year-old female will die eventually from a maternal cause assuming that current levels of fertility and mortality (including maternal mortality) do not change in the future, taking into account competing causes of death.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


Lifetime risk of maternal death (%)

IndicatorName: Lifetime risk of maternal death (%)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women (%)

Limitationsandexceptions:
Data should be used with caution because surveys differ in quality, coverage, age group interviewed, and treatment of missing values across countries and over time.

Data on anemia are compiled by the WHO based mainly on nationally representative surveys, which measure hemoglobin in the blood. WHO's hemoglobin thresholds are then used to determine anemia status based on age, sex, and physiological status.

Longdefinition: Prevalence of anemia, pregnant women, is the percentage of pregnant women whose hemoglobin level is less than 110 grams per liter at sea level.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiologic needs, which vary by age, sex, altitude, smoking status, and pregnancy status. In its severe form it is associated with fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and drowsiness. Children under age 5 and pregnant women have the highest risk for anemia.


name: Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women (%)

sourceNote: Prevalence of anemia, pregnant women, is the percentage of pregnant women whose hemoglobin level is less than 110 grams per liter at sea level.


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

Limitationsandexceptions: Estimates for countries with irregular surveys or many data gaps have large uncertainty ranges, and such results should be interpreted with caution.

Longdefinition: The percentage of the population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.

Periodicity: Biennial

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The limited availability of data on health status is a major constraint in assessing the health situation in developing countries. Surveillance data are lacking for many major public health concerns. Estimates of prevalence and incidence are available for some diseases but are often unreliable and incomplete. National health authorities differ widely in capacity and willingness to collect or report information. To compensate for this and improve reliability and international comparability, the World Health Organization (WHO) prepares estimates in accordance with epidemiological models and statistical standards.

A statistical model based on a Bayesian negative binomial meta-regression is used to model prevalence of current tobacco use for each country, separately for men and women.

The model has two main components: (a) adjusting for missing indicators and age groups, and (b) generating an estimate of trends over time as well as the 95% credible interval around the estimate.
Depending on the completeness/comprehensiveness of survey data from a particular country, the model at times makes use of data from other countries to fill information gaps. When a country has fewer than two nationally representative population-based surveys in different years, no attempt is made to fill data gaps and no estimates are calculated. To fill data gaps, information is “borrowed” from countries in the same UN subregion. The resulting trend lines are used to derive estimates for single years, so that a number can be reported even if the country did not run a survey in that year. In order to make the results comparable between countries, the prevalence rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population. A full description of the method is available as a peer-reviewed article in The Lancet, volume 385, No. 9972, p966–976 (2015).

Generalcomments:
This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.a.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

Previous indicator name: Smoking prevalence, total (ages 15+)
The previous indicator excluded smokeless tobacco use, while the current indicator includes. The indicator name and definition were updated in December, 2020.


Previous_Indicator_Name:
Previous indicator name: Smoking prevalence, total (ages 15+)

The previous indicator excluded smokeless tobacco use, while the current indicator includes. The indicator name and definition were updated in December, 2020.

name: Prevalence of current tobacco use (% of adults)

sourceNote: The percentage of the population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of current tobacco use, females (% of female adults)

Longdefinition: The percentage of the female population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.

Generalcomments:
This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.a.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

Previous indicator name: Smoking prevalence, females (% of adults)
The previous indicator excluded smokeless tobacco use, while the current indicator includes it. The indicator name and definition were updated in December, 2020.


Previous_Indicator_Name:
Previous indicator name: Smoking prevalence, females (% of adults)

The previous indicator excluded smokeless tobacco use, while the current indicator includes it. The indicator name and definition were updated in December, 2020.

name: Prevalence of current tobacco use, females (% of female adults)

sourceNote: The percentage of the female population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Prevalence of current tobacco use, males (% of male adults)

Longdefinition: The percentage of the male population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The limited availability of data on health status is a major constraint in assessing the health situation in developing countries. Surveillance data are lacking for many major public health concerns. Estimates of prevalence and incidence are available for some diseases but are often unreliable and incomplete. National health authorities differ widely in capacity and willingness to collect or report information. To compensate for this and improve reliability and international comparability, the World Health Organization (WHO) prepares estimates in accordance with epidemiological models and statistical standards.

Smoking is the most common form of tobacco use and the prevalence of smoking is therefore a good measure of the tobacco epidemic. (Corrao MA, Guindon GE, Sharma N, Shokoohi  DF (eds). Tobacco Control Country Profiles, 2000, American Cancer Society, Atlanta.) Tobacco use causes heart and other vascular diseases and cancers of the lung and other organs. Given the long delay between starting to smoke and the onset of disease, the health impact of smoking will increase rapidly only in the next few decades. The data presented are age-standardized rates for adults ages 15 and older from the WHO.

Generalcomments:
This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.a.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

Previous indicator name: Smoking prevalence, males (% of adults)
The previous indicator excluded smokeless tobacco use, while the current indicator includes it. The indicator name and definition were updated in December, 2020.


Previous_Indicator_Name:
Previous indicator name: Smoking prevalence, males (% of adults)

The previous indicator excluded smokeless tobacco use, while the current indicator includes it. The indicator name and definition were updated in December, 2020.

name: Prevalence of current tobacco use, males (% of male adults)

sourceNote: The percentage of the male population ages 15 years and over who currently use any tobacco product (smoked and/or smokeless tobacco) on a daily or non-daily basis. Tobacco products include cigarettes, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, waterpipes (hookah, shisha), bidis, kretek, heated tobacco products, and all forms of smokeless (oral and nasal) tobacco. Tobacco products exclude e-cigarettes (which do not contain tobacco), “e-cigars”, “e-hookahs”, JUUL and “e-pipes”. The rates are age-standardized to the WHO Standard Population.


IndicatorName: Risk of catastrophic expenditure for surgical care (% of people at risk)

Longdefinition: The proportion of population at risk of catastrophic expenditure when surgical care is required. Catastrophic expenditure is defined as direct out of pocket payments for surgical and anaesthesia care exceeding 10% of total income.

Source: The Program in Global Surgery and Social Change (PGSSC) at Harvard Medical School (https://www.pgssc.org/)


name: Risk of catastrophic expenditure for surgical care (% of people at risk)

sourceNote: The proportion of population at risk of catastrophic expenditure when surgical care is required. Catastrophic expenditure is defined as direct out of pocket payments for surgical and anaesthesia care exceeding 10% of total income.

sourceOrganization: The Program in Global Surgery and Social Change (PGSSC) at Harvard Medical School (https://www.pgssc.org/)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Risk of impoverishing expenditure for surgical care (% of people at risk)

Longdefinition: The proportion of population at risk of impoverishing expenditure when surgical care is required. Impoverishing expenditure is defined as direct out of pocket payments for surgical and anaesthesia care which drive people below a poverty threshold (using a threshold of $2.15 PPP/day).


name: Risk of impoverishing expenditure for surgical care (% of people at risk)

sourceNote: The proportion of population at risk of impoverishing expenditure when surgical care is required. Impoverishing expenditure is defined as direct out of pocket payments for surgical and anaesthesia care which drive people below a poverty threshold (using a threshold of $2.15 PPP/day).


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Number of surgical procedures (per 100,000 population)

Longdefinition: The number of procedures undertaken in an operating theatre per 100,000 population per year in each country. A procedure is defined as the incision, excision, or manipulation of tissue that needs regional or general anaesthesia, or profound sedation to control pain.

Source: Data from various sources compiled by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (www.lancetglobalsurgery.org) and the Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia at UCSF Medical Center.


name: Number of surgical procedures (per 100,000 population)

sourceNote: The number of procedures undertaken in an operating theatre per 100,000 population per year in each country. A procedure is defined as the incision, excision, or manipulation of tissue that needs regional or general anaesthesia, or profound sedation to control pain.

sourceOrganization: Data from various sources compiled by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (www.lancetglobalsurgery.org) and the Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia at UCSF Medical Center.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


Developmentrelevance: Air pollution is one of the biggest environmental risks to health.  According to the World Health Organization, the combined effects of ambient (outdoor) and household air pollution cause about 7 million premature deaths every year.  Most deaths occur due to increased mortality from stroke, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute respiratory infections.  The majority of the burden is borne by populations in low and middle income countries.

IndicatorName: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, age-standardized, female (per 100,000 female population)

Limitationsandexceptions: Estimates of the joint effects of air pollution are constrained by limited knowledge on the distribution of the population exposed to both household and ambient air pollution, correlation of exposures at individual level as household air pollution is a contributor to ambient air pollution, and non-linear interactions

Longdefinition: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution is the number of deaths attributable to the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution in a year per 100,000 population. The rates are age-standardized.  Following diseases are taken into account: acute respiratory infections (estimated for all ages); cerebrovascular diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); ischaemic heart diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults (estimated above 25 years); and lung cancer in adults (estimated above 25 years).

Source: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Burden of disease (or in the present case attributable mortality) is calculated by first combining information on the increased (or relative) risk of a disease resulting from exposure, with information on how widespread the exposure is in the population (e.g.  the annual mean concentration of particulate matter to which the population is exposed). This allows calculation of the 'population attributable fraction' (PAF), which is the fraction of disease seen in a given population that can be attributed  to the exposure (e.g in this case the annual mean concentration of particulate matter). Applying this fraction to the total burden of disease (e.g. cardiopulmonary disease expressed as deaths or DALYs), gives the total number of deaths or DALYs that results from exposure to that particular risk factor (in the example given above, to ambient air pollution). To estimate the combined effects of risk factors, a joint population attributable fraction is calculated, as described in Ezzati et al (2003).

Generalcomments: This is a sex-disaggregated indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 3.9.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, age-standardized, female (per 100,000 female population)

sourceNote: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution is the number of deaths attributable to the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution in a year per 100,000 population. The rates are age-standardized.  Following diseases are taken into account: acute respiratory infections (estimated for all ages); cerebrovascular diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); ischaemic heart diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults (estimated above 25 years); and lung cancer in adults (estimated above 25 years).

sourceOrganization: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, age-standardized, male (per 100,000 male population)


name: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, age-standardized, male (per 100,000 male population)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, age-standardized (per 100,000 population)

Generalcomments: This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.9.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].


name: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, age-standardized (per 100,000 population)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Pregnant women receiving prenatal care (%)

Limitationsandexceptions: For the indicators that are from household surveys, the year refers to the survey year. For more information, consult the original sources.

Longdefinition: Pregnant women receiving prenatal care are the percentage of women attended at least once during pregnancy by skilled health personnel for reasons related to pregnancy.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Reproductive health is a state of physical and mental well-being in relation to the reproductive system and its functions and processes. Means of achieving reproductive health include education and services during pregnancy and childbirth, safe and effective contraception, and prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death and disability among women of reproductive age in developing countries.

Good prenatal and postnatal care improves maternal health and reduces maternal and infant mortality. However, indicators on use of antenatal care services provide no information on the content or quality of the services. Data on antenatal care are obtained mostly from household surveys, which ask women who have had a live birth whether and from whom they received antenatal care.

Generalcomments: Good prenatal and postnatal care improve maternal health and reduce maternal and infant mortality.


name: Pregnant women receiving prenatal care (%)

sourceNote: Pregnant women receiving prenatal care are the percentage of women attended at least once during pregnancy by skilled health personnel for reasons related to pregnancy.


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: ARI treatment (% of children under 5 taken to a health provider)

Longdefinition: Children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) who are taken to a health provider refers to the percentage of children under age five with ARI in the last two weeks who were taken to an appropriate health provider, including hospital, health center, dispensary, village health worker, clinic, and private physician.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Acute respiratory infection continues to be a leading cause of death among young children. Data are drawn mostly from household health surveys in which mothers report on number of episodes and treatment for acute respiratory infection.


name: ARI treatment (% of children under 5 taken to a health provider)

sourceNote: Children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) who are taken to a health provider refers to the percentage of children under age five with ARI in the last two weeks who were taken to an appropriate health provider, including hospital, health center, dispensary, village health worker, clinic, and private physician.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


Developmentrelevance:
Sanitation is fundamental to human development. Many international organizations use hygienic sanitation facilities as a measure for progress in the fight against poverty, disease, and death. Access to proper sanitation is also considered to be a human right, not a privilege, for every man, woman, and child.

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on people's health. Basic and safely managed sanitation services can reduce diarrheal disease, and can significantly lessen the adverse health impacts of other disorders responsible for death and disease among millions of children. Diarrhea and worm infections weaken children and make them more susceptible to malnutrition and opportunistic infections like pneumonia, measles and malaria.

The combined effects of inadequate sanitation, unsafe water supply and poor personal hygiene are responsible for many of childhood deaths. Every year, the failure to tackle these deficits results in severe welfare losses - wasted time, reduced productivity, ill health, impaired learning, environmental degradation and lost opportunities. Fundamental behavior changes are required before the use of improved facilities and services can be integrated into daily life. Many hygiene behaviors and habits are formed in childhood and, therefore, school health and hygiene education programs are an important part of water and sanitation improvements.

Most basic sanitation technologies are not expensive to implement. However, those facing the problems of inadequate sanitation may not be aware of either the origin of their ills, or the true costs of poor sanitation and hygiene. As a result, in most of the developing countries those without sanitation are hard to convince of the need to invest scarce resources in sanitation facilities, or of the critical importance of changing long-held habits and unhygienic behaviors. Consequently, the people's representatives - governments and elected political leaders - rarely give sanitation or hygiene improvements the priority that is needed in order to tackle the massive sanitation deficit faced by the developing world.

Children bear the brunt of sanitation-related impacts - their health, nutrition, growth, education, self-respect, and life opportunities suffer as a result of inadequate sanitation. Without improved sanitation, many of the current generation of children in developing countries are unlikely to develop to their full potential. Countries that don't take urgent action to redress sanitation deficiencies will find their future development and prosperity impaired.

IndicatorName: People using at least basic sanitation services, rural (% of rural population)

Longdefinition: The percentage of people using at least basic sanitation services, that is, improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households.  This indicator encompasses both people using basic sanitation services as well as those using safely managed sanitation services.   Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, compositing toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Data on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are produced by the Joint Monitoring Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) based on administrative sources, national censuses and nationally representative household surveys.   WHO/UNICEF defines basic sanitation facilities as improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households.  Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, compositing toilets or pit latrines with slabs.


name: People using at least basic sanitation services, rural (% of rural population)

sourceNote: The percentage of people using at least basic sanitation services, that is, improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households.  This indicator encompasses both people using basic sanitation services as well as those using safely managed sanitation services.   Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, compositing toilets or pit latrines with slabs.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: People using at least basic sanitation services, urban (% of urban population)


name: People using at least basic sanitation services, urban (% of urban population)


IndicatorName: People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population)


name: People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


Developmentrelevance: For optimal infant and young child feeding, mothers initiate breastfeeding within one hour of birth, breastfeed exclusively for the first six months, and continue to breastfeed for two years or more while providing nutritionally adequate, safe, and age-appropriate solid, semisolid, and soft foods. Breast milk alone contains all the nutrients, antibodies, hormones, and antioxidants an infant needs to thrive. It protects babies from diarrhea and acute respiratory infections, stimulates their immune systems and response to vaccination, and may confer cognitive benefits.

IndicatorName: Exclusive breastfeeding (% of children under 6 months)

Limitationsandexceptions: Most of the data on breastfeeding are derived from household surveys. For the data that are from household surveys, the year refers to the survey year.

Longdefinition: Exclusive breastfeeding refers to the percentage of children less than six months old who are fed breast milk alone (no other liquids) in the past 24 hours.


name: Exclusive breastfeeding (% of children under 6 months)

sourceNote: Exclusive breastfeeding refers to the percentage of children less than six months old who are fed breast milk alone (no other liquids) in the past 24 hours.


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)