Developmentrelevance:
Breaking down employment information by status in employment provides a statistical basis for describing workers' behaviour and conditions of work, and for defining an individual's socio-economic group. A high proportion of wage and salaried workers in a country can signify advanced economic development. If the proportion of own-account workers (self-employed without hired employees) is sizeable, it may be an indication of a large agriculture sector and low growth in the formal economy. A high proportion of contributing family workers — generally unpaid, although compensation might come indirectly in the form of family income — may indicate weak development, little job growth, and often a large rural economy.

Each status group faces different economic risks, and contributing family workers and own-account workers are the most vulnerable - and therefore the most likely to fall into poverty. They are the least likely to have formal work arrangements, are the least likely to have social protection and safety nets to guard against economic shocks, and often are incapable of generating sufficient savings to offset these shocks.

IndicatorName: Employers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Limitationsandexceptions: Data are drawn from labor force surveys and household surveys, supplemented by official estimates and censuses for a small group of countries. Due to differences in definitions and coverage across countries, there are limitations for comparing data across countries and over time even within a country. Estimates of women in employment are not comparable internationally, reflecting that demographic, social, legal, and cultural trends and norms determine whether women's activities are regarded as economic.

Longdefinition: Employers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs" i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced), and, in this capacity, have engaged, on a continuous basis, one or more persons to work for them as employee(s).

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The status in employment distinguishes between two categories of the total employed: (a) wage and salaried workers (also known as employees); and (b) self-employed workers, with the subcategories: (i) self-employed workers with employees (employers), (ii) self-employed workers without employees (own-account workers), and (iii) members of producers' cooperatives and contributing family workers (also known as unpaid family workers). Vulnerable employment refers to the sum of (ii) own-account workers and (iii) contributing family workers.

The series is part of the "ILO modeled estimates database," including nationally reported observations and imputed data for countries with missing data, primarily to capture regional and global trends with consistent country coverage. Country-reported microdata is based mainly on nationally representative labor force surveys, with other sources (e.g., household surveys and population censuses) considering differences in the data source, the scope of coverage, methodology, and other country-specific factors. Country analysis requires caution where limited nationally reported data are available. A series of models are also applied to impute missing observations and make projections. However, imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty, and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. For more information: https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/


Periodicity: Annual

Source: International Labour Organization. “ILO modelled estimates database” ILOSTAT. Accessed February 07, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.

Topic: Social Protection & Labor: Economic activity

Aggregationmethod: Weighted average

License_Type: CC BY-4.0

Notesfromoriginalsource: Given the exceptional situation, including the scarcity of relevant data, the  ILO modeled estimates and projections from 2020 onwards are subject to substantial uncertainty.

name: Employers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

value: World Development Indicators

sourceNote: Employers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs" i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced), and, in this capacity, have engaged, on a continuous basis, one or more persons to work for them as employee(s).

value: Social Protection & Labor

value: Gender


sourceOrganization: International Labour Organization. “ILO modelled estimates database” ILOSTAT. Accessed February 07, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Employers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Employers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


IndicatorName: Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


IndicatorName: Self-employed, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Longdefinition: Self-employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs." i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced. Self-employed workers include four sub-categories of employers, own-account workers, members of producers' cooperatives, and contributing family workers.


name: Self-employed, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

sourceNote: Self-employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs." i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced. Self-employed workers include four sub-categories of employers, own-account workers, members of producers' cooperatives, and contributing family workers.


IndicatorName: Self-employed, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Self-employed, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


IndicatorName: Self-employed, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Self-employed, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


Developmentrelevance: The indicator provides information on the proportion of women who are employed in decision-making and management roles in government, large enterprises and institutions.

IndicatorName: Female share of employment in senior and middle management (%)

Longdefinition: The proportion of females in total employment in senior and middle management. It corresponds to major group 1 in both ISCO-08 and ISCO-88 minus category 14 in ISCO-08 (hospitality, retail and other services managers) and minus category 13 in ISCO-88 (general managers), since these comprise mainly managers of small enterprises.

Source: International Labour Organization. “Labour Market-related SDG Indicators database (ILOSDG)” ILOSTAT. Accessed October 16, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


name: Female share of employment in senior and middle management (%)

sourceNote: The proportion of females in total employment in senior and middle management. It corresponds to major group 1 in both ISCO-08 and ISCO-88 minus category 14 in ISCO-08 (hospitality, retail and other services managers) and minus category 13 in ISCO-88 (general managers), since these comprise mainly managers of small enterprises.

sourceOrganization: International Labour Organization. “Labour Market-related SDG Indicators database (ILOSDG)” ILOSTAT. Accessed October 16, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.

name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


Developmentrelevance: Four targets were added to the UN Millennium Declaration at the 2005 World Summit High-Level Plenary Meeting of the 60th Session of the UN General Assembly. One was full and productive employment and decent work for all, which is seen as the main route for people to escape poverty. Employment to population ratio is a key measure to monitor whether a country is on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. And it continues to be a priority in the Sustainable Development Goal of promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.

IndicatorName: Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (national estimate)

Limitationsandexceptions:
Data on employment by status are drawn from labor force surveys and household surveys, supplemented by official estimates and censuses for a small group of countries. The labor force survey is the most comprehensive source for internationally comparable employment, but there are still some limitations for comparing data across countries and over time even within a country.

Comparability of employment ratios across countries is affected by variations in definitions of employment and population. The biggest difference results from the age range used to define labor force activity. The population base for employment ratios can also vary. Most countries use the resident, non-institutionalized population of working age living in private households, which excludes members of the armed forces and individuals residing in mental, penal, or other types of institutions. But some countries include members of the armed forces in the population base of their employment ratio while excluding them from employment data.

The reference period of a census or survey is another important source of differences: in some countries data refer to people's status on the day of the census or survey or during a specific period before the inquiry date, while in others data are recorded without reference to any period. Employment ratios tend to vary during the year as seasonal workers enter and leave.

This indicator also has a gender bias because women who do not consider their work employment or who are not perceived as working tend to be undercounted. This bias has different effects across countries and reflects demographic, social, legal, and cultural trends and norms.

Longdefinition: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Employment is defined as persons of working age who, during a short reference period, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period (i.e. who worked in a job for at least one hour) or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangements. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.

Source: International Labour Organization. “Labour Force Statistics database (LFS)” ILOSTAT. Accessed October 16, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: The employment to population ratio indicates how efficiently an economy provides jobs for people who want to work. A high ratio means that a large proportion of the population is employed. But a lower employment to population ratio can be seen as a positive sign, especially for young people, if it is caused by an increase in their education.

Generalcomments: The series for ILO estimates is also available in the WDI database. Caution should be used when comparing ILO estimates with national estimates.


name: Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (national estimate)

sourceNote: Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Employment is defined as persons of working age who, during a short reference period, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period (i.e. who worked in a job for at least one hour) or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangements. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.

sourceOrganization: International Labour Organization. “Labour Force Statistics database (LFS)” ILOSTAT. Accessed October 16, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Source: International Labour Organization. “ILO Modelled Estimates and Projections database (ILOEST)” ILOSTAT. Accessed February 06, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The employment-to-population ratio indicates how efficiently an economy provides jobs for people who want to work. A high ratio means that a large proportion of the population is employed. But a lower employment-to-population ratio can be seen as a positive sign, especially for young people, if an increase in their education causes it.

The series is part of the "ILO modeled estimates database," including nationally reported observations and imputed data for countries with missing data, primarily to capture regional and global trends with consistent country coverage. Country-reported microdata is based mainly on nationally representative labor force surveys, with other sources (e.g., household surveys and population censuses) considering differences in the data source, the scope of coverage, methodology, and other country-specific factors. Country analysis requires caution where limited nationally reported data are available. A series of models are also applied to impute missing observations and make projections. However, imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty, and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. For more information: https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/

Generalcomments: National estimates are also available in the WDI database. Caution should be used when comparing ILO estimates with national estimates.


name: Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

sourceOrganization: International Labour Organization. “ILO Modelled Estimates and Projections database (ILOEST)” ILOSTAT. Accessed February 06, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


IndicatorName: Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (national estimate)


name: Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (national estimate)


IndicatorName: Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate)


name: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate)


IndicatorName: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Vulnerable employment, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Longdefinition: Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT at https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.

value: Social Development


name: Vulnerable employment, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

sourceNote: Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.

sourceOrganization: World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT at https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Vulnerable employment, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Vulnerable employment, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

value: Aid Effectiveness


name: Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Wage and salaried workers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Longdefinition: Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as "paid employment jobs," where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.


name: Wage and salaried workers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

sourceNote: Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as "paid employment jobs," where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.


IndicatorName: Wage and salaried workers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Wage and salaried workers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Wage and salaried workers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Wage and salaried workers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


Developmentrelevance: In most countries more boys are involved in employment, or the gender difference is small. However, girls are often more present in hidden or underreported forms of employment such as domestic service, and in almost all societies girls bear greater responsibility for household chores in their own homes, work that lies outside the System of National Accounts production boundary and is thus not considered in estimates of children's employment.

IndicatorName: Children in employment, unpaid family workers, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

Limitationsandexceptions: Although efforts are made to harmonize the definition of employment and the questions on employment in survey questionnaires, significant differences remain in the survey instruments that collect data on children in employment and in the sampling design underlying the surveys. Differences exist not only across different household surveys in the same country but also across the same type of survey carried out in different countries, so estimates of working children are not fully comparable across countries. In addition, the shares of three categories (self-employed workers, wage workers, and unpaid family workers) may not add up to 100 percent because of a residual category not included.

Longdefinition: Unpaid family workers are people who work without pay in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household.

Source: Understanding Children's Work project based on data from ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Data are from household surveys by the International Labor Organization (ILO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank, and national statistical offices. The surveys yield data on education, employment, health, expenditure, and consumption indicators related to children's work. Since children's work is captured in the sense of "economic activity," the data refer to children in employment, a broader concept than child labor (see ILO 2009a for details on this distinction).

Household survey data generally include information on work type - for example, whether a child is working for payment in cash or in kind or is involved in unpaid work, working for someone who is not a member of the household, or involved in any type of family work (on the farm or in a business).

In line with the definition of economic activity adopted by the 13th International Conference of Labour Statisticians, the threshold set by the 1993 UN System of National Accounts for classifying a person as employed is to have been engaged at least one hour in any activity relating to the production of goods and services during the reference period. Children seeking work are thus excluded. Economic activity covers all market production and certain nonmarket production, including production of goods for own use. It excludes unpaid household services (commonly called "household chores") - that is, the production of domestic and personal services by household members for a household's own consumption.

Country surveys define the ages for child labor as 5-17. The data here have been recalculated to present statistics for children ages 7-14.


name: Children in employment, unpaid family workers, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

sourceNote: Unpaid family workers are people who work without pay in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household.

sourceOrganization: Understanding Children's Work project based on data from ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank.


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, unpaid family workers, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Children in employment, unpaid family workers, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, unpaid family workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Children in employment, unpaid family workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Contributing family workers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Longdefinition: Contributing family workers are those workers who hold "self-employment jobs" as own-account workers in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household.


name: Contributing family workers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

sourceNote: Contributing family workers are those workers who hold "self-employment jobs" as own-account workers in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Contributing family workers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Contributing family workers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Contributing family workers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Contributing family workers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


Developmentrelevance:
Labor productivity is used to assess a country's economic ability to create and sustain decent employment opportunities with fair and equitable remuneration. Productivity increases obtained through investment, trade, technological progress, or changes in work organization can increase social protection and reduce poverty, which in turn reduce vulnerable employment and working poverty. Productivity increases do not guarantee these improvements, but without them - and the economic growth they bring - improvements are highly unlikely.

GDP per person employed is a key measure to monitor whether a country is on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal of promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. [SDG Indicator 8.2.1]

IndicatorName: GDP per person employed (constant 2021 PPP $)

Limitationsandexceptions: For comparability of individual sectors labor productivity is estimated according to national accounts conventions. However, there are still significant limitations on the availability of reliable data. Information on consistent series of output in both national currencies and purchasing power parity dollars is not easily available, especially in developing countries, because the definition, coverage, and methodology are not always consistent across countries. For example, countries employ different methodologies for estimating the missing values for the nonmarket service sectors and use different definitions of the informal sector.

Longdefinition: GDP per person employed is gross domestic product (GDP) divided by total employment in the economy. Purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP is GDP converted to 2021 constant international dollars using PPP rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP that a U.S. dollar has in the United States.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on employment, population, GDP, and PPP data obtained from International Labour Organization, United Nations Population Division, Eurostat, OECD, and World Bank.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
GDP per person employed represents labor productivity—output per unit of labor input. To compare labor productivity levels across countries, GDP is converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates which take account of differences in relative prices between countries.

Estimates are based on employment, population, GDP, and PPP data obtained from International Labour Organization, United Nations Population Division, Eurostat, OECD, and World Bank. The employment rates are part of the "ILO modeled estimates database," including nationally reported observations and imputed data for countries with missing data, primarily to capture regional and global trends with consistent country coverage. Country-reported microdata is based mainly on nationally representative labor force surveys, with other sources (e.g., household surveys and population censuses) considering differences in the data source, the scope of coverage, methodology, and other country-specific factors. Country analysis requires caution where limited nationally reported data are available. A series of models are also applied to impute missing observations and make projections. However, imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty, and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. For more information: https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/


name: GDP per person employed (constant 2021 PPP $)

sourceNote: GDP per person employed is gross domestic product (GDP) divided by total employment in the economy. Purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP is GDP converted to 2021 constant international dollars using PPP rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP that a U.S. dollar has in the United States.

sourceOrganization: World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on employment, population, GDP, and PPP data obtained from International Labour Organization, United Nations Population Division, Eurostat, OECD, and World Bank.


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


Developmentrelevance:
Sectoral information is particularly useful in identifying broad shifts in employment and stages of development. In the textbook case of economic development, labour flows from agriculture and other labour-intensive primary activities to industry and finally to the services sector; in the process, workers migrate from rural to urban areas.

The breakdown of the indicator by sex allows for analysis of gender segregation of employment by specific sector. Women may be drawn into lower-paying service activities that allow for more flexible work schedules thus making it easier to balance family responsibilities with work life. Segregation of women in certain sectors may also result from cultural attitudes that prevent them from entering industrial employment.

Segregating one sex in a narrow range of occupations significantly reduces economic efficiency by reducing labor market flexibility and thus the economy's ability to adapt to change. This segregation is particularly harmful for women, who have a much narrower range of labor market choices and lower levels of pay than men. But it is also detrimental to men when job losses are concentrated in industries dominated by men and job growth is centered in service occupations, where women have better chances, as has been the recent experience in many countries.

IndicatorName: Employment in industry, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Limitationsandexceptions:
There are many differences in how countries define and measure employment status, particularly members of the armed forces, self-employed workers, and unpaid family workers. Where members of the armed forces are included, they are allocated to the service sector, causing that sector to be somewhat overstated relative to the service sector in economies where they are excluded. Where data are obtained from establishment surveys, data cover only employees; thus self-employed and unpaid family workers are excluded. In such cases the employment share of the agricultural sector is severely underreported. Caution should be also used where the data refer only to urban areas, which record little or no agricultural work. Moreover, the age group and area covered could differ by country or change over time within a country. For detailed information, consult the original source.

Countries also take different approaches to the treatment of unemployed people. In most countries unemployed people with previous job experience are classified according to their last job. But in some countries the unemployed and people seeking their first job are not classifiable by economic activity. Because of these differences, the size and distribution of employment by economic activity may not be fully comparable across countries.

The ILO reports data by major divisions of the ISIC revision 2, revision 3, or revision 4. Broad classification such as employment by agriculture, industry, and services may obscure fundamental shifts within countries' industrial patterns. A slight majority of countries report economic activity according to the ISIC revision 3 instead of revision 2 or revision 4. The use of one classification or the other should not have a significant impact on the information for the employment of the three broad sectors data.

Longdefinition: Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with divisions 2-5 (ISIC 2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4).

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The International Labour Organization (ILO) classifies economic activity using the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) of All Economic Activities, revision 2 (1968), revision 3 (1990), and revision 4 (2008). Because this classification is based on where work is performed (industry) rather than type of work performed (occupation), all of an enterprise's employees are classified under the same industry, regardless of their trade or occupation. The categories should sum to 100 percent. Where they do not, the differences are due to workers who are not classified by economic activity.

The series is part of the "ILO modeled estimates database," including nationally reported observations and imputed data for countries with missing data, primarily to capture regional and global trends with consistent country coverage. Country-reported microdata is based mainly on nationally representative labor force surveys, with other sources (e.g., household surveys and population censuses) considering differences in the data source, the scope of coverage, methodology, and other country-specific factors. Country analysis requires caution where limited nationally reported data are available. A series of models are also applied to impute missing observations and make projections. However, imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty, and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. For more information: https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/


name: Employment in industry, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

sourceNote: Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with divisions 2-5 (ISIC 2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4).


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Employment in industry, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Employment in industry, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Child employment in manufacturing, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14)

Limitationsandexceptions: Although efforts are made to harmonize the definition of employment and the questions on employment in survey questionnaires, significant differences remain in the survey instruments that collect data on children in employment and in the sampling design underlying the surveys. Differences exist not only across different household surveys in the same country but also across the same type of survey carried out in different countries, so estimates of working children are not fully comparable across countries. In addition, the shares of three sectors (Agriculture, Manufacturing and Services) may not add up to 100 percent because of a residual category not included.

Longdefinition: Employment by economic activity refers to the distribution of economically active children by the major industrial categories of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). Manufacturing corresponds to division 3 (ISIC revision 2), category D (ISIC revision 3), or category C (ISIC revision 4). Economically active children refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
Data are from household surveys by the International Labor Organization (ILO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank, and national statistical offices. The surveys yield data on education, employment, health, expenditure, and consumption indicators related to children's work. Since children's work is captured in the sense of "economic activity," the data refer to children in employment, a broader concept than child labor (see ILO 2009a for details on this distinction).

Household survey data generally include information on work type - for example, whether a child is working for payment in cash or in kind or is involved in unpaid work, working for someone who is not a member of the household, or involved in any type of family work (on the farm or in a business).


name: Child employment in manufacturing, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14)

sourceNote: Employment by economic activity refers to the distribution of economically active children by the major industrial categories of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). Manufacturing corresponds to division 3 (ISIC revision 2), category D (ISIC revision 3), or category C (ISIC revision 4). Economically active children refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey.


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Child employment in manufacturing, male (% of male economically active children ages 7-14)


name: Child employment in manufacturing, male (% of male economically active children ages 7-14)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Child employment in manufacturing (% of economically active children ages 7-14)


name: Child employment in manufacturing (% of economically active children ages 7-14)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, self-employed, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

Longdefinition: Self-employed workers are people whose remuneration depends directly on the profits derived from the goods and services they produce, with or without other employees, and include employers, own-account workers, and members of producers cooperatives.


name: Children in employment, self-employed, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

sourceNote: Self-employed workers are people whose remuneration depends directly on the profits derived from the goods and services they produce, with or without other employees, and include employers, own-account workers, and members of producers cooperatives.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, self-employed, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Children in employment, self-employed, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, self-employed (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Children in employment, self-employed (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Child employment in services, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14)

Longdefinition: Employment by economic activity refers to the distribution of economically active children by the major industrial categories of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). Services correspond to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2), categories G-P (ISIC revision 3), or categories G-U (ISIC revision 4). Services include wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, financial intermediation, real estate, public administration, education, health and social work, other community services, and private household activity. Economically active children refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey.


name: Child employment in services, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14)

sourceNote: Employment by economic activity refers to the distribution of economically active children by the major industrial categories of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). Services correspond to divisions 6-9 (ISIC revision 2), categories G-P (ISIC revision 3), or categories G-U (ISIC revision 4). Services include wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, financial intermediation, real estate, public administration, education, health and social work, other community services, and private household activity. Economically active children refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey.


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Child employment in services, male (% of male economically active children ages 7-14)


name: Child employment in services, male (% of male economically active children ages 7-14)


IndicatorName: Child employment in services (% of economically active children ages 7-14)


name: Child employment in services (% of economically active children ages 7-14)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Limitationsandexceptions:
There are many differences in how countries define and measure employment status, particularly members of the armed forces, self-employed workers, and unpaid family workers. Where members of the armed forces are included, they are allocated to the service sector, causing that sector to be somewhat overstated relative to the service sector in economies where they are excluded. Where data are obtained from establishment surveys, data cover only employees; thus self-employed and unpaid family workers are excluded. In such cases the employment share of the agricultural sector is severely underreported. Caution should be also used where the data refer only to urban areas, which record little or no agricultural work. Moreover, the age group and area covered could differ by country or change over time within a country. For detailed information, consult the original source.

Countries also take different approaches to the treatment of unemployed people. In most countries unemployed people with previous job experience are classified according to their last job. But in some countries the unemployed and people seeking their first job are not classifiable by economic activity. Because of these differences, the size and distribution of employment by economic activity may not be fully comparable across countries.

The ILO reports data by major divisions of the ISIC revision 2, revision 3, or revision 4. Broad classification such as employment by agriculture, industry, and services may obscure fundamental shifts within countries' industrial patterns. A slight majority of countries report economic activity according to the ISIC revision 3 instead of revision 2 or revision 4. The use of one classification or the other should not have a significant impact on the information for the employment of three broad sectors data.

Longdefinition: Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4).


name: Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

sourceNote: Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4).


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Employment in services, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Employment in services, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Employment in services (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Employment in services (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, female (% of female children ages 7-14)

Limitationsandexceptions: Although efforts are made to harmonize the definition of employment and the questions on employment in survey questionnaires, significant differences remain in the survey instruments that collect data on children in employment and in the sampling design underlying the surveys. Differences exist not only across different household surveys in the same country but also across the same type of survey carried out in different countries, so estimates of working children are not fully comparable across countries. For detailed source information, see footnotes at each data point.

Longdefinition: Children in employment refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey.


name: Children in employment, female (% of female children ages 7-14)

sourceNote: Children in employment refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey.


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, male (% of male children ages 7-14)


name: Children in employment, male (% of male children ages 7-14)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Average working hours of children, study and work, female, ages 7-14 (hours per week)

Longdefinition: Average working hours of children studying and working refer to the average weekly working hours of those children who are attending school in combination with economic activity.


name: Average working hours of children, study and work, female, ages 7-14 (hours per week)

sourceNote: Average working hours of children studying and working refer to the average weekly working hours of those children who are attending school in combination with economic activity.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, study and work, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

Longdefinition: Children in employment refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey. Study and work refer to children attending school in combination with economic activity.


name: Children in employment, study and work, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

sourceNote: Children in employment refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey. Study and work refer to children attending school in combination with economic activity.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Average working hours of children, study and work, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week)


name: Average working hours of children, study and work, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, study and work, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Children in employment, study and work, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Average working hours of children, study and work, ages 7-14 (hours per week)


name: Average working hours of children, study and work, ages 7-14 (hours per week)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, study and work (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Children in employment, study and work (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Average working hours of children, working only, female, ages 7-14 (hours per week)

Longdefinition: Average working hours of children working only refers to the average weekly working hours of those children who are involved in economic activity and not attending school.


name: Average working hours of children, working only, female, ages 7-14 (hours per week)

sourceNote: Average working hours of children working only refers to the average weekly working hours of those children who are involved in economic activity and not attending school.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, work only, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

Longdefinition: Children in employment refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey. Work only refers to children involved in economic activity and not attending school.


name: Children in employment, work only, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

sourceNote: Children in employment refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey. Work only refers to children involved in economic activity and not attending school.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Average working hours of children, working only, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week)


name: Average working hours of children, working only, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, work only, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Children in employment, work only, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Average working hours of children, working only, ages 7-14 (hours per week)


name: Average working hours of children, working only, ages 7-14 (hours per week)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, work only (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Children in employment, work only (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Children in employment, total (% of children ages 7-14)


name: Children in employment, total (% of children ages 7-14)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


Developmentrelevance: Estimates of women in the labor force and employment are generally lower than those of men and are not comparable internationally, reflecting that demographic, social, legal, and cultural trends and norms determine whether women's activities are regarded as economic. In many low-income countries women often work on farms or in other family enterprises without pay, and others work in or near their homes, mixing work and family activities during the day. In many high-income economies, women have been increasingly acquiring higher education that has led to better-compensated, longer-term careers rather than lower-skilled, shorter-term jobs. However, access to good- paying occupations for women remains unequal in many occupations and countries around the world. Labor force statistics by gender is important to monitor gender disparities in employment and unemployment patterns.

IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (national estimate)

Limitationsandexceptions:
Data on the labor force are compiled by the ILO from labor force surveys, censuses, and establishment censuses and surveys. For some countries a combination of these sources is used. Labor force surveys are the most comprehensive source for internationally comparable labor force data. They can cover all non-institutionalized civilians, all branches and sectors of the economy, and all categories of workers, including people holding multiple jobs. By contrast, labor force data from population censuses are often based on a limited number of questions on the economic characteristics of individuals, with little scope to probe. The resulting data often differ from labor force survey data and vary considerably by country, depending on the census scope and coverage. Establishment censuses and surveys provide data only on the employed population, not unemployed workers, workers in small establishments, or workers in the informal sector.

The reference period of a census or survey is another important source of differences: in some countries data refer to people's status on the day of the census or survey or during a specific period before the inquiry date, while in others data are recorded without reference to any period. In countries, where the household is the basic unit of production and all members contribute to output, but some at low intensity or irregularly, the estimated labor force may be much smaller than the numbers actually working.

Differing definitions of employment age also affect comparability. For most countries the working age is 15 and older, but in some countries children younger than 15 work full- or part-time and are included in the estimates. Similarly, some countries have an upper age limit. As a result, calculations may systematically over- or underestimate actual rates.

Longdefinition: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology: The labor force is the supply of labor available for producing goods and services in an economy. It includes people who are currently employed and people who are unemployed but seeking work as well as first-time job-seekers. Not everyone who works is included, however. Unpaid workers, family workers, and students are often omitted, and some countries do not count members of the armed forces. Labor force size tends to vary during the year as seasonal workers enter and leave.

Topic: Social Protection & Labor: Labor force structure


name: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (national estimate)

sourceNote: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The labor force is the supply of labor available for producing goods and services in an economy. It includes people who are currently employed and people who are unemployed but seeking work as well as first-time job-seekers. Not everyone who works is included, however. Unpaid workers, family workers, and students are often omitted, and some countries do not count members of the armed forces. Labor force size tends to vary during the year as seasonal workers enter and leave.

The series is part of the "ILO modeled estimates database," including nationally reported observations and imputed data for countries with missing data, primarily to capture regional and global trends with consistent country coverage. Country-reported microdata is based mainly on nationally representative labor force surveys, with other sources (e.g., household surveys and population censuses) considering differences in the data source, the scope of coverage, methodology, and other country-specific factors. Country analysis requires caution where limited nationally reported data are available. A series of models are also applied to impute missing observations and make projections. However, imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty, and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. For more information: https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/


name: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) (national estimate)


name: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) (national estimate)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) (national estimate)


name: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) (national estimate)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)

Longdefinition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Source: International Labour Organization. “ILO modelled estimates database” ILOSTAT. Accessed February 06, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


name: Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)

sourceNote: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

sourceOrganization: International Labour Organization. “ILO modelled estimates database” ILOSTAT. Accessed February 06, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force with advanced education, female (% of female working-age population with advanced education)

Longdefinition: The ratio of the labor force with advanced education to the working-age population with advanced education. Advanced education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree or equivalent education level, a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or equivalent education level according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).

Source: International Labour Organization. “Education and Mismatch Indicators database (EMI)” ILOSTAT. Accessed October 16, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


name: Labor force with advanced education, female (% of female working-age population with advanced education)

sourceNote: The ratio of the labor force with advanced education to the working-age population with advanced education. Advanced education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree or equivalent education level, a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or equivalent education level according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).

sourceOrganization: International Labour Organization. “Education and Mismatch Indicators database (EMI)” ILOSTAT. Accessed October 16, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force with advanced education, male (% of male working-age population with advanced education)


name: Labor force with advanced education, male (% of male working-age population with advanced education)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force with advanced education (% of total working-age population with advanced education)


name: Labor force with advanced education (% of total working-age population with advanced education)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Labor force with basic education, female (% of female working-age population with basic education)

Longdefinition: The ratio of the labor force with basic education to the working-age population with basic education. Basic education comprises primary education or lower secondary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).


name: Labor force with basic education, female (% of female working-age population with basic education)

sourceNote: The ratio of the labor force with basic education to the working-age population with basic education. Basic education comprises primary education or lower secondary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Labor force with basic education, male (% of male working-age population with basic education)


name: Labor force with basic education, male (% of male working-age population with basic education)


IndicatorName: Labor force with basic education (% of total working-age population with basic education)

name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: Labor force with basic education (% of total working-age population with basic education)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (national estimate)

Longdefinition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.


name: Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (national estimate)

sourceNote: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (national estimate)

Longdefinition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate is calculated by dividing female labor force participation rate by male labor force participation rate and multiplying by 100.


name: Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (national estimate)

sourceNote: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate is calculated by dividing female labor force participation rate by male labor force participation rate and multiplying by 100.


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) (national estimate)


name: Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) (national estimate)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (national estimate)


name: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (national estimate)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Labor force with intermediate education, female (% of female working-age population with intermediate education)

Longdefinition: The ratio of the labor force with intermediate education to the working-age population with intermediate education. Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non tertiary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).


name: Labor force with intermediate education, female (% of female working-age population with intermediate education)

sourceNote: The ratio of the labor force with intermediate education to the working-age population with intermediate education. Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non tertiary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).


IndicatorName: Labor force with intermediate education, male (% of male working-age population with intermediate education)


name: Labor force with intermediate education, male (% of male working-age population with intermediate education)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Labor force with intermediate education (% of total working-age population with intermediate education)


name: Labor force with intermediate education (% of total working-age population with intermediate education)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Part time employment, female (% of total female employment)

Longdefinition: Part time employment refers to regular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part time employment differ by country.

Source: International Labour Organization. “Wages and Working Time Statistics database (COND)” ILOSTAT. Accessed October 16, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.

Generalcomments: Relevance to gender indicator: More and more women are working part-time and one of the concern is that part time work does not provide the stability that full time work does.


name: Part time employment, female (% of total female employment)

sourceNote: Part time employment refers to regular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part time employment differ by country.

sourceOrganization: International Labour Organization. “Wages and Working Time Statistics database (COND)” ILOSTAT. Accessed October 16, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Part time employment, male (% of total male employment)


name: Part time employment, male (% of total male employment)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Part time employment, total (% of total employment)


name: Part time employment, total (% of total employment)


IndicatorName: Labor force, female (% of total labor force)

Longdefinition: Female labor force as a percentage of the total show the extent to which women are active in the labor force. Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization and United Nations Population Division.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The standard definition of unemployed persons is those individuals without work, seeking work in a recent past period, and currently available for work, including people who have lost their jobs or voluntarily left work. In addition, persons who did not look for work but have an arrangement for a future job are also counted as unemployed. Still, some unemployment is unavoidable—at any time, some workers are temporarily unemployed between jobs as employers look for the right workers and workers search for better jobs. The labor force or the economically active portion of the population serves as the base for this indicator, not the total population.

Estimates are based on labor force participation rates and population data from International Labour Organization and United Nations Population Division. The labor force participation rates are part of the "ILO modeled estimates database," including nationally reported observations and imputed data for countries with missing data, primarily to capture regional and global trends with consistent country coverage. Country-reported microdata is based mainly on nationally representative labor force surveys, with other sources (e.g., household surveys and population censuses) considering differences in the data source, the scope of coverage, methodology, and other country-specific factors. Country analysis requires caution where limited nationally reported data are available. A series of models are also applied to impute missing observations and make projections. However, imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty, and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. For more information: https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/

value: Education


name: Labor force, female (% of total labor force)

sourceNote: Female labor force as a percentage of the total show the extent to which women are active in the labor force. Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

sourceOrganization: World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization and United Nations Population Division.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


Labor force, total

IndicatorName: Labor force, total

Longdefinition: Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes people who are currently employed and people who are unemployed but seeking work as well as first-time job-seekers. Not everyone who works is included, however. Unpaid workers, family workers, and students are often omitted, and some countries do not count members of the armed forces. Labor force size tends to vary during the year as seasonal workers enter and leave.

Aggregationmethod: Sum


sourceNote: Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes people who are currently employed and people who are unemployed but seeking work as well as first-time job-seekers. Not everyone who works is included, however. Unpaid workers, family workers, and students are often omitted, and some countries do not count members of the armed forces. Labor force size tends to vary during the year as seasonal workers enter and leave.


Developmentrelevance:
Paradoxically, low unemployment rates can disguise substantial poverty in a country, while high unemployment rates can occur in countries with a high level of economic development and low rates of poverty. In countries without unemployment or welfare benefits people eke out a living in vulnerable employment. In countries with well-developed safety nets workers can afford to wait for suitable or desirable jobs. But high and sustained unemployment indicates serious inefficiencies in resource allocation.

Youth unemployment is an important policy issue for many economies. Young men and women today face increasing uncertainty in their hopes of undergoing a satisfactory transition in the labour market, and this uncertainty and disillusionment can, in turn, have damaging effects on individuals, communities, economies and society at large. Unemployed or underemployed youth are less able to contribute effectively to national development and have fewer opportunities to exercise their rights as citizens. They have less to spend as consumers, less to invest as savers and often have no "voice" to bring about change in their lives and communities. Widespread youth unemployment and underemployment also prevents companies and countries from innovating and developing competitive advantages based on human capital investment, thus undermining future prospects.

Unemployment is a key measure to monitor whether a country is on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal of promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. [SDG Indicator 8.5.2]

IndicatorName: Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate)

Limitationsandexceptions:
The criteria for people considered to be seeking work, and the treatment of people temporarily laid off or seeking work for the first time, vary across countries. In many cases it is especially difficult to measure employment and unemployment in agriculture. The timing of a survey can maximize the effects of seasonal unemployment in agriculture. And informal sector employment is difficult to quantify where informal activities are not tracked.

There may be also persons not currently in the labour market who want to work but do not actively "seek" work because they view job opportunities as limited, or because they have restricted labour mobility, or face discrimination, or structural, social or cultural barriers. The exclusion of people who want to work but are not seeking work (often called the "hidden unemployed" or "discouraged workers") is a criterion that will affect the unemployment count of both women and men.

However, women tend to be excluded from the count for various reasons. Women suffer more from discrimination and from structural, social, and cultural barriers that impede them from seeking work. Also, women are often responsible for the care of children and the elderly and for household affairs. They may not be available for work during the short reference period, as they need to make arrangements before starting work. Further, women are considered to be employed when they are working part-time or in temporary jobs, despite the instability of these jobs or their active search for more secure employment.

Longdefinition: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The standard definition of unemployed persons is those individuals without work, seeking work in a recent past period, and currently available for work, including people who have lost their jobs or who have voluntarily left work. Persons who did not look for work but have an arrangements for a future job are also counted as unemployed.

Some unemployment is unavoidable. At any time some workers are temporarily unemployed between jobs as employers look for the right workers and workers search for better jobs. It is the labour force or the economically active portion of the population that serves as the base for this indicator, not the total population.

Topic: Social Protection & Labor: Unemployment


name: Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate)

sourceNote: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate)

Longdefinition: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment.

Source: International Labour Organization. “ILO Modelled Estimates and Projections database (ILOEST)” ILOSTAT. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The standard definition of unemployed persons is those individuals without work, seeking work in a recent past period, and currently available for work, including people who have lost their jobs or voluntarily left work. In addition, persons who did not look for work but have an arrangement for a future job are also counted as unemployed. Still, some unemployment is unavoidable—at any time, some workers are temporarily unemployed between jobs as employers look for the right workers and workers search for better jobs. The labor force or the economically active portion of the population serves as the base for this indicator, not the total population.

The series is part of the "ILO modeled estimates database," including nationally reported observations and imputed data for countries with missing data, primarily to capture regional and global trends with consistent country coverage. Country-reported microdata is based mainly on nationally representative labor force surveys, with other sources (e.g., household surveys and population censuses) considering differences in the data source, the scope of coverage, methodology, and other country-specific factors. Country analysis requires caution where limited nationally reported data are available. A series of models are also applied to impute missing observations and make projections. However, imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty, and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. For more information: https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/


name: Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate)

sourceNote: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment.

sourceOrganization: International Labour Organization. “ILO Modelled Estimates and Projections database (ILOEST)” ILOSTAT. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate)


name: Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate)

name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate)


name: Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Unemployment with advanced education, female (% of female labor force with advanced education)

Longdefinition: The percentage of the labor force with an advanced level of education who are unemployed. Advanced education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree or equivalent education level, a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or equivalent education level according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).


name: Unemployment with advanced education, female (% of female labor force with advanced education)

sourceNote: The percentage of the labor force with an advanced level of education who are unemployed. Advanced education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree or equivalent education level, a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or equivalent education level according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Unemployment with advanced education, male (% of male labor force with advanced education)


name: Unemployment with advanced education, male (% of male labor force with advanced education)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Unemployment with advanced education (% of total labor force with advanced education)


name: Unemployment with advanced education (% of total labor force with advanced education)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Unemployment with basic education, female (% of female labor force with basic education)

Longdefinition: The percentage of the labor force with a basic level of education who are unemployed. Basic education comprises primary education or lower secondary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).


name: Unemployment with basic education, female (% of female labor force with basic education)

sourceNote: The percentage of the labor force with a basic level of education who are unemployed. Basic education comprises primary education or lower secondary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).


IndicatorName: Unemployment with basic education, male (% of male labor force with basic education)


name: Unemployment with basic education, male (% of male labor force with basic education)


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Unemployment with basic education (% of total labor force with basic education)


name: Unemployment with basic education (% of total labor force with basic education)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Unemployment with intermediate education, female (% of female labor force with intermediate education)

Longdefinition: The percentage of the labor force with an intermediate level of education who are unemployed. Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non tertiary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).


name: Unemployment with intermediate education, female (% of female labor force with intermediate education)

sourceNote: The percentage of the labor force with an intermediate level of education who are unemployed. Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non tertiary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Unemployment with intermediate education, male (% of male labor force with intermediate education)


name: Unemployment with intermediate education, male (% of male labor force with intermediate education)


name: Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Unemployment with intermediate education (% of total labor force with intermediate education)


name: Unemployment with intermediate education (% of total labor force with intermediate education)


Developmentrelevance:
Unemployment and total employment are the broadest indicators of economic activity as reflected by the labor market. The International Labour Organization(ILO) defines the unemployed as members of the economically active population who are without work but available for and seeking work, including people who have lost their jobs or who have voluntarily left work. Some unemployment is unavoidable. At any time some workers are temporarily unemployed - between jobs as employers look for the right workers and workers search for better jobs. Such unemployment, often called frictional unemployment, results from the normal operation of labor markets.

Youth unemployment is an important policy issue for many economies. Young men and women today face increasing uncertainty in their hopes of undergoing a satisfactory transition in the labour market, and this uncertainty and disillusionment can, in turn, have damaging effects on individuals, communities, economies and society at large. Unemployed or underemployed youth are less able to contribute effectively to national development and have fewer opportunities to exercise their rights as citizens. They have less to spend as consumers, less to invest as savers and often have no "voice" to bring about change in their lives and communities. Widespread youth unemployment and underemployment also prevents companies and countries from innovating and developing competitive advantages based on human capital investment, thus undermining future prospects.

The NEET group is particularly at risk of both labour market and social exclusion, because this group is neither improving their future employability through investment in skills nor gaining experience through employment, . In addition, the NEET group is already in a disadvantaged position due to lower levels of education and lower household incomes. In view of the fact that the NEET group includes unemployed youth as well as economically inactive youth, the NEET rate provides important complementray information to labour force participation rates and unemploymenent rates. For example, if youth participation rates decrease during an economic downturn due to discouragement, this may be reflected in an upward movement in the NEET rate. More generally, a high NEET rate and a low youth unemployment may indicate significant discouragement of young people. A high NEET rate for young women suggests their engagement in household chores, and/or the presence of strong institutional barriers limiting female participation in labour markets.

IndicatorName: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, female (% of female youth population) (modeled ILO estimate)

Limitationsandexceptions: Data should be used cautiously because of differences in age coverage.

Longdefinition: Share of youth not in education, employment or training (NEET) is the proportion of young people who are not in education, employment, or training to the population of the corresponding age group: youth (ages 15 to 24); persons ages 15 to 29; or both age groups.

Source: International Labour Organization. “ILO Modelled Estimates and Projections database ( ILOEST )” ILOSTAT. Accessed September 06, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The standard definition of unemployed persons is those individuals without work in a recent past period, and currently available for and seeking for employment. But there may be persons who do not actively "seek" work because they view job opportunities as limited, or because they have restricted labour mobility, or face discrimination, or structural, social or cultural barriers. NEET rates capture more broadly untapped potential youth, including such individuals who want to work but are not seeking work (often called the "hidden unemployed" or "discouraged workers").

Youth are defined as persons ages 15 to 24; young adults are those ages 25 to 29; and adults are those ages 25 and above. However, countries vary somewhat in their operational definitions. In particular, the lower age limit for young people is usually determined by the minimum age for leaving school, where this exists. When data are available for more than two age groups in a given year, one value for persons ages 15 to 29 is taken, considering that not all people complete their education by the age of 24.

The series is part of the ILO modeled estimates database, which contain both nationally reported and imputed data, and where all estimates are national, meaning there are no geographic limitations in coverage. Further information on the methodology used to produce ILO modelled estimates is provided at https://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/TEM.pdf.


name: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, female (% of female youth population) (modeled ILO estimate)

sourceNote: Share of youth not in education, employment or training (NEET) is the proportion of young people who are not in education, employment, or training to the population of the corresponding age group: youth (ages 15 to 24); persons ages 15 to 29; or both age groups.

sourceOrganization: International Labour Organization. “ILO Modelled Estimates and Projections database ( ILOEST )” ILOSTAT. Accessed September 06, 2024. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.


name: Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, female (% of female youth population)

Statisticalconceptandmethodology:
The standard definition of unemployed persons is those individuals without work in a recent past period, and currently available for and seeking for employment. But there may be persons who do not actively "seek" work because they view job opportunities as limited, or because they have restricted labour mobility, or face discrimination, or structural, social or cultural barriers. NEET rates capture more broadly untapped potential youth, including such individuals who want to work but are not seeking work (often called the "hidden unemployed" or "discouraged workers").

Youth are defined as persons ages 15 to 24; young adults are those ages 25 to 29; and adults are those ages 25 and above. However, countries vary somewhat in their operational definitions. In particular, the lower age limit for young people is usually determined by the minimum age for leaving school, where this exists. When data are available for more than two age groups in a given year, one value for persons ages 15 to 29 is taken, considering that not all people complete their education by the age of 24.


name: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, female (% of female youth population)


name: Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)


name: Least developed countries: UN classification


name: Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)


IndicatorName: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, male (% of male youth population) (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, male (% of male youth population)  (modeled ILO estimate)


name: Fragile and conflict affected situations


name: Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)


name: East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)


name: Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)


IndicatorName: Share of youth not in education, employment or training, male (% of male youth population)